Title: Evolution and expansion dynamics of a vector‐borne virus: 2004–2006 vesicular stomatitis outbreak in the western USA
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is an arthropod‐borne viral disease that negatively impacts domestic livestock and wildlife hosts, and economically impacts both private animal owners and the commercial livestock industry. Previous phylogenetic studies, based on partial P gene sequences, suggested that outbreak cycles of the virus (VSV) exhibit a two‐phase dynamic (i.e., incursion and expansion). A single viral lineage from endemic areas of Mexico introduced into the southern United States during an incursion year (2004), can overwinter, and then expand throughout the western United States during the subsequent spring and summer seasons (2005). Our objective was to build on this past research using full‐length viral genomic sequences from Mexico and the United States from the same outbreak, and a large suite of geospatial data to identify the environmental factors that influence VSV evolution in the United States and potentially drive the incursion–expansion dynamics. Our phylogeographic analysis confirmed that a single VS New Jersey virus (VSNJV) lineage initiated the 2004 incursion year outbreak was subject to decreasing genetic divergence during the 2004–2006 outbreak cycle, and likely overwintered between the 2004–2006 outbreak seasons. However, rather than a simple geographic relationship, viral genetic sublineages or patristic groups identified as part of our study, were found to be associated with seasonally varying evaporative demand, soil moisture, and precipitation. Our results suggest a functional role for these environmental factors in shaping the evolution and ecology of VSNJV. We speculate a nexus to insect‐vector switching and possible adaptation to local environmental conditions to help explain the observed incursion–expansion dynamic in the United States in the 2004–2006 outbreak. Our approach of linking the phylogeography of a virus with the ecology of insect vectors can be applied to other vector‐borne diseases.
Muñoz, Á. G.; Chourio, X.; Rivière-Cinnamond, Ana; Diuk-Wasser, M. A.; Kache, P. A.; Mordecai, E. A.; Harrington, L.; Thomson, M. C.(
, Scientific Reports)
null
(Ed.)
Abstract Aedes -borne diseases, such as dengue and chikungunya, are responsible for more than 50 million infections worldwide every year, with an overall increase of 30-fold in the last 50 years, mainly due to city population growth, more frequent travels and ecological changes. In the United States of America, the vast majority of Aedes -borne infections are imported from endemic regions by travelers, who can become new sources of mosquito infection upon their return home if the exposed population is susceptible to the disease, and if suitable environmental conditions for the mosquitoes and the virus are present. Since the susceptibility of the human population can be determined via periodic monitoring campaigns, the environmental suitability for the presence of mosquitoes and viruses becomes one of the most important pieces of information for decision makers in the health sector. We present a next-generation monitoring and forecasting system for $$\underline{\textit{Ae}}{} \textit{des}$$ Ae ̲ des -borne d iseases’ e nvironmental s uitability ( Ae DES) of transmission in the conterminous United States and transboundary regions, using calibrated ento-epidemiological models, climate models and temperature observations. After analyzing the seasonal predictive skill of Ae DES, we briefly consider the recent Zika epidemic, and the compound effects of the current Central American dengue outbreak happening during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, to illustrate how a combination of tailored deterministic and probabilistic forecasts can inform key prevention and control strategies .
Lyme disease is the most important vector-borne disease in the United States and is increasing in incidence and geographic range. In the Pacific west, the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, 1943 is an important vector of the causative agent of Lyme disease, the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Ixodes pacificus life cycle is expected to be more than a year long, and all three stages (larva, nymph, and adult) overlap in spring. The optimal habitat consists of forest cover, cooler temperatures, and annual precipitation in the range of 200–500 mm. Therefore, the coastal areas of California, Oregon, and Washington are well suited for these ticks. Immature stages commonly parasitize Western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) and gray squirrels (Sciurus griseus), while adults often feed on deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus h. columbianus). Ixodes pacificus carry several pathogens of human significance, such as Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella, and Rickettsiales. These pathogens are maintained in the environment by many hosts, including small mammals, birds, livestock, and domestic animals. Although a great deal of work has been carried out on Ixodes ticks and the pathogens they transmit, understanding I. pacificus ecology outside California still lags. Additionally, the dynamic vector–host–pathogen system means that new factors will continue to arise and shift the epidemiological patterns within specific areas. Here, we review the ecology of I. pacificus and the pathogens this tick is known to carry to identify gaps in our knowledge.
Burruss, Dylan; Rodriguez, Luis L.; Drolet, Barbara; Geil, Kerrie; Pelzel-McCluskey, Angela M.; Cohnstaedt, Lee W.; Derner, Justin D.; Peters, Debra P.(
, Climate)
null
(Ed.)
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is the most common vesicular livestock disease in North America. Transmitted by direct contact and by several biting insect species, this disease results in quarantines and animal movement restrictions in horses, cattle and swine. As changes in climate drive shifts in geographic distributions of vectors and the viruses they transmit, there is considerable need to improve understanding of relationships among environmental drivers and patterns of disease occurrence. Multidisciplinary approaches integrating pathology, ecology, climatology, and biogeophysics are increasingly relied upon to disentangle complex relationships governing disease. We used a big data model integration approach combined with machine learning to estimate the potential geographic range of VS across the continental United States (CONUS) under long-term mean climate conditions over the past 30 years. The current extent of VS is confined to the western portion of the US and is related to summer and winter precipitation, winter maximum temperature, elevation, fall vegetation biomass, horse density, and proximity to water. Comparison with a climate-only model illustrates the importance of current processes-based parameters and identifies regions where uncertainty is likely to be greatest if mechanistic processes change. We then forecast shifts in the range of VS using climate change projections selected from CMIP5 climate models that most realistically simulate seasonal temperature and precipitation. Climate change scenarios that altered climatic conditions resulted in greater changes to potential range of VS, generally had non-uniform impacts in core areas of the current potential range of VS and expanded the range north and east. We expect that the heterogeneous impacts of climate change across the CONUS will be exacerbated with additional changes in land use and land cover affecting biodiversity and hydrological cycles that are connected to the ecology of insect vectors involved in VS transmission.
Kopanke, Jennifer; Carpenter, Molly; Lee, Justin; Reed, Kirsten; Rodgers, Case; Burton, Mollie; Lovett, Kierra; Westrich, Joseph A.; McNulty, Erin; McDermott, Emily; et al(
, Annual Review of Animal Biosciences)
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne, segmented double-stranded RNA virus that can cause severe disease in both wild and domestic ruminants. BTV evolves via several key mechanisms, including the accumulation of mutations over time and the reassortment of genome segments.Additionally, BTV must maintain fitness in two disparate hosts, the insect vector and the ruminant. The specific features of viral adaptation in each host that permit host-switching are poorly characterized. Limited field studies and experimental work have alluded to the presence of these phenomena at work, but our understanding of the factors that drive or constrain BTV's genetic diversification remains incomplete. Current research leveraging novel approaches and whole genome sequencing applications promises to improve our understanding of BTV's evolution, ultimately contributing to the development of better predictive models and management strategies to reduce future impacts of bluetongue epizootics.
Groffman, Peter M; Martel, Lisa D(
, Environmental Data Initiative)
The Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) has established a network of
long-term permanent biogeochemical study plots. These plots will
provide long-term data on vegetation, soil and hydrologic processes in
the key ecosystem types within the urban ecosystem. The current
network of study plots includes eight forest plots, chosen to
represent the range of forest conditions in the area, and four grass
plots. These plots are complemented by a network of 200 less intensive
study plots located across the Baltimore metropolitan area.
Plots are currently instrumented with lysimeters (drainage and
tension) to sample soil solution chemistry, time domain reflectometry
probes to measure soil moisture, dataloggers to measure and record
soil temperature and trace gas flux chambers to measure the flux of
carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane from soil to the atmosphere.
Measurements of in situ nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and
denitrification were made at approximately monthly intervals from Fall
1998 - Fall 2000. Detailed vegetation characterization (all layers)
was done in summer 1998.
Data from these plots has been published in Groffman et al. (2006,
2009) and Groffman and Pouyat (2009).
In November of 1998 four rural, forested plots were established at
Oregon Ridge Park in Baltimore County northeast of the Gwynns Falls
Watershed. Oregon Ridge Park contains Pond Branch, the forested
reference watershed for BES. Two of these four plots are located on
the top of a slope; the other two are located midway up the slope.
In June of 2010 measurements at the mid-slope sites on Pond Branch
were discontinued. Monuments and equipment remain at the two plots.
These plots were replaced with two lowland riparian plots; Oregon
upper riparian and Oregon lower riparian. Each riparian sites has four
5 cm by 1-2.5 meter depth slotted wells laid perpendicular to the
stream, four tension lysimeters at 10 cm depth, five time domain
reflectometry probes, and four trace gas flux chambers in the two
dominant microtopographic features of the riparian zones - high spots
(hummocks) and low spots (hollows).
Four urban, forested plots were established in November 1998, two at
Leakin Park and two adjacent to Hillsdale Park in west Baltimore City
in the Gwynns Falls. One of the plots in Hillsdale Park was abandoned
in 2004 due to continued vandalism.
In May 1999 two grass, lawn plots were established at McDonogh School
in Baltimore County west of the city in the Gwynns Falls. One of these
plots is an extremely low intensity management area (mowed once or
twice a year) and one is in a low intensity management area (frequent
mowing, no fertilizer or herbicide use). In 2009, the McDonogh plots
were abandoned due to management changes at the school.
Two grass lawn plots were established on the campus of the University
of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) in fall 2000. One of these plots
is in a medium intensity management area (frequent mowing, moderate
applications of fertilizer and herbicides) and one is in a high
intensity management area (frequent mowing, high applications of
fertilizer and herbicides).
Literature Cited
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Goldman, M. B., P. M. Groffman, R. V. Pouyat, M. J. McDonnell, and S.
T. A. Pickett. 1995. CH4 uptake and N availability in forest soils
along an urban to rural gradient. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
27:281-286.
Groffman PM, Holland E, Myrold DD, Robertson GP and Zou X (1999)
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P (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research. (pp
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Groffman PM, Pouyat RV, Cadenasso ML, Zipperer WC, Szlavecz K,
Yesilonis IC,. Band LE and Brush GS. 2006. Land use context and
natural soil controls on plant community composition and soil nitrogen
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Groffman, P.M., C.O. Williams, R.V. Pouyat, L.E. Band and I.C.
Yesilonis. 2009. Nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide flux in urban
forests and grasslands. Journal of Environmental Quality 38:1848-1860.
Groffman, P.M. and R.V. Pouyat. 2009. Methane uptake in urban forests
and lawns. Environmental Science and Technology 43:5229-5235. DOI:
10.1021/es803720h.
Holland EA, Boone R, Greenberg J, Groffman PM and Robertson GP (1999)
Measurement of Soil CO2, N2O and CH4 exchange. In: Robertson GP,
Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for
Long Term Ecological Research. (pp 258-271). Oxford University Press,
New York
Robertson GP, Wedin D, Groffman PM, Blair JM, Holland EA, Nadelhoffer
KJ and. Harris D. 1999. Soil carbon and nitrogen availability:
Nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and carbon turnover. In:
Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research (Robertson GP,
Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for
Long Term Ecological Research. (pp 258-271). Oxford University Press,
New York
Savva, Y., K. Szlavecz, R. V. Pouyat, P. M. Groffman, and G. Heisler.
2010. Effects of land use and vegetation cover on soil temperature in
an urban ecosystem. Soil Science Society of America Journal
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Palinski, Rachel, Pauszek, Steven J., Humphreys, John M., Peters, Debra P. C., McVey, D. Scott, Pelzel‐McCluskey, Angela M., Derner, Justin D., Burruss, N. Dylan, Arzt, Jonathan, and Rodriguez, Luis L. Evolution and expansion dynamics of a vector‐borne virus: 2004–2006 vesicular stomatitis outbreak in the western USA. Ecosphere 12.10 Web. doi:10.1002/ecs2.3793.
Palinski, Rachel, Pauszek, Steven J., Humphreys, John M., Peters, Debra P. C., McVey, D. Scott, Pelzel‐McCluskey, Angela M., Derner, Justin D., Burruss, N. Dylan, Arzt, Jonathan, & Rodriguez, Luis L. Evolution and expansion dynamics of a vector‐borne virus: 2004–2006 vesicular stomatitis outbreak in the western USA. Ecosphere, 12 (10). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3793
Palinski, Rachel, Pauszek, Steven J., Humphreys, John M., Peters, Debra P. C., McVey, D. Scott, Pelzel‐McCluskey, Angela M., Derner, Justin D., Burruss, N. Dylan, Arzt, Jonathan, and Rodriguez, Luis L.
"Evolution and expansion dynamics of a vector‐borne virus: 2004–2006 vesicular stomatitis outbreak in the western USA". Ecosphere 12 (10). Country unknown/Code not available: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3793.https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10359826.
@article{osti_10359826,
place = {Country unknown/Code not available},
title = {Evolution and expansion dynamics of a vector‐borne virus: 2004–2006 vesicular stomatitis outbreak in the western USA},
url = {https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10359826},
DOI = {10.1002/ecs2.3793},
abstractNote = {Abstract Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is an arthropod‐borne viral disease that negatively impacts domestic livestock and wildlife hosts, and economically impacts both private animal owners and the commercial livestock industry. Previous phylogenetic studies, based on partial P gene sequences, suggested that outbreak cycles of the virus (VSV) exhibit a two‐phase dynamic (i.e., incursion and expansion). A single viral lineage from endemic areas of Mexico introduced into the southern United States during an incursion year (2004), can overwinter, and then expand throughout the western United States during the subsequent spring and summer seasons (2005). Our objective was to build on this past research using full‐length viral genomic sequences from Mexico and the United States from the same outbreak, and a large suite of geospatial data to identify the environmental factors that influence VSV evolution in the United States and potentially drive the incursion–expansion dynamics. Our phylogeographic analysis confirmed that a single VS New Jersey virus (VSNJV) lineage initiated the 2004 incursion year outbreak was subject to decreasing genetic divergence during the 2004–2006 outbreak cycle, and likely overwintered between the 2004–2006 outbreak seasons. However, rather than a simple geographic relationship, viral genetic sublineages or patristic groups identified as part of our study, were found to be associated with seasonally varying evaporative demand, soil moisture, and precipitation. Our results suggest a functional role for these environmental factors in shaping the evolution and ecology of VSNJV. We speculate a nexus to insect‐vector switching and possible adaptation to local environmental conditions to help explain the observed incursion–expansion dynamic in the United States in the 2004–2006 outbreak. Our approach of linking the phylogeography of a virus with the ecology of insect vectors can be applied to other vector‐borne diseases.},
journal = {Ecosphere},
volume = {12},
number = {10},
publisher = {Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)},
author = {Palinski, Rachel and Pauszek, Steven J. and Humphreys, John M. and Peters, Debra P. C. and McVey, D. Scott and Pelzel‐McCluskey, Angela M. and Derner, Justin D. and Burruss, N. Dylan and Arzt, Jonathan and Rodriguez, Luis L.},
}
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