Using an MHD simulation of near tail reconnection associated with a flow burst and the collapse (dipolarization) of the inner tail in combination with test particle tracing we study the acceleration and flux increases of energetic oxygen ions (O+). The characteristic orbits, distributions, and acceleration mechanisms are governed by the dimensionless parameter
This paper represents the second part of an investigation of the acceleration of energetic oxygen ions from encounters with a dipolarization front (DF), based on test particle tracing in the fields of an MHD simulation. In this paper, we focus on distributions in the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL). O+beams close to the plasma sheet boundary are found to be less pronounced and/or delayed against the H+beams. The reason is that these particles are accelerated by nonadiabatic motion in the duskward electric field such that O+ions gain the same amount of energy, but only 1/4 of the speed of protons. This causes a delay and larger equatorward displacement by the
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10369919
- Publisher / Repository:
- DOI PREFIX: 10.1029
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
- Volume:
- 126
- Issue:
- 7
- ISSN:
- 2169-9380
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
Abstract σ =ω ci t n , whereω ci is the ion gyro frequency andt n a characteristic Alfvén time of the MHD simulation. Forσ < 1, central plasma sheet (CPS) populations after the passage of the dipolarization front are found to resemble half‐shells in velocity space oriented toward dusk. They originate from within the CPS and are energized typically by a single encounter of the region of enhanced cross‐tail electric field associated with the flow burst. For largerσ values (σ > 1) the O+distributions resemble more closely those of protons, consisting of two counter‐streaming field‐aligned beams and an, albeit more tenuous and irregular, ring population perpendicular to the magnetic field. The existence of the beams, however, depends on suitable earthward moving source populations in the plasma sheet boundary layer or the adjacent lobes. The acceleration to higher energies is found to indicate a charge dependence, consistent with a dominance of more highly charged ions at energies of a few hundred keV. As in earlier simulations, the simulated fluxes show large anisotropies and nongyrotropic effects, phase bunching, and spatially and temporally localized beams. -
Abstract Using Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations and combined MHD/test particle simulations, we further explore characteristic ion velocity distributions in the plasma sheet boundary layer. The observations are characterized by earthward beams, which at a slightly later time are accompanied by weaker but faster tailward beams. Two events are presented showing different histories. The first event happens at entry from the lobe into the plasma sheet. Energy‐time dispersion indicates a source region about 25
tailward of the satellite. The second event follows the passage of a dipolarization front closer to Earth. In contrast to earlier MHD simulations, but in better qualitative agreement with the first observation, reconnection in the present simulation was initiated near . Simulated distributions right at the boundary are characterized by a single crescent‐shaped earthward beam, as discussed earlier (Birn, Hesse, et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021573 ). Farther inside, or at a later time, the distributions now also show a simple reflected beam, evolving toward a more ring‐like distribution. The simulations provide insight into the acceleration sites: The innermost edges of the direct and reflected beams consist of ions accelerated in the vicinity of the reconnection site. This supports the validity of estimating the acceleration location based on a time‐of‐flight analysis (after Onsager et al., 1990,https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i011p01837 ). However, this assumption becomes invalid at later times when the acceleration becomes dominated by the earthward propagating dipolarization electric field, such that earthward and tailward reflected beams are no longer accelerated at the same location and the same time. -
Abstract Four closely located satellites at and inside geosynchronous orbit (GEO) provided a great opportunity to study the dynamical evolution and spatial scale of premidnight energetic particle injections inside GEO during a moderate substorm on 23 December 2016. Just following the substorm onset, the four spacecraft, a LANL satellite at GEO, the two Van Allen Probes (also called “RBSP”) at ~5.8
R E, and a THEMIS satellite at ~5.3R E, observed substorm‐related particle injections and local dipolarizations near the central meridian (~22 MLT) of a wedge‐like current system. The large‐scale evolution of the electron and ion (H, He, and O) injections was almost identical at the two RBSP spacecraft with ~0.5R Eapart. However, the initial short‐timescale particle injections exhibited a striking difference between RBSP‐A and ‐B: RBSP‐B observed an energy dispersionless injection which occurred concurrently with a transient, strong dipolarization front (DF) with a peak‐to‐peak amplitude of ~25 nT over ~25 s; RBSP‐A measured a dispersed/weaker injection with no corresponding DF. The spatiotemporally localized DF was accompanied by an impulsive, westward electric field (~20 mV m−1). The fast, impulsiveE ×B drift caused the radial transport of the electron and ion injection regions from GEO to ~5.8R E. The penetrating DF fields significantly altered the rapid energy‐ and pitch angle‐dependent flux changes of the electrons and the H and He ions inside GEO. Such flux distributions could reflect the transient DF‐related particle acceleration and/or transport processes occurring inside GEO. In contrast, O ions were little affected by the DF fields. -
Abstract Using combined MHD/test particle simulations, we explore characteristics of ion (proton) acceleration tailward of a near‐Earth reconnection site. We present spatial distributions and explore acceleration mechanisms and sources of accelerated ions. Acceleration is due primarily due simple crossings of the enhanced electric field near the x‐line or in the departing plasmoid. The energetic particle distributions show the expected energy dispersed tailward streaming at the plasma sheet boundary, while equatorial distributions are more complicated, resulting from different acceleration sites within the moving plasmoid. Sources are mostly inside the central plasma sheet dawnward of the plasmoid.
-
Abstract We present observations of ≳10–100 keV nucleon −1 suprathermal (ST) H, He, O, and Fe ions associated with crossings of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) at radial distances of <0.1 au from the Sun. Our key findings are as follows: (1) very few heavy ions are detected during the first full crossing, the heavy-ion intensities are reduced during the second partial crossing and peak just after the second crossing; (2) ion arrival times exhibit no velocity dispersion; (3) He pitch-angle distributions track the magnetic field polarity reversal and show up to ∼10:1 anti-sunward, field-aligned flows and beams closer to the HCS that become nearly isotropic farther from the HCS; (4) the He spectrum steepens either side of the HCS, and the He, O, and Fe spectra exhibit power laws of the form ∼ E −4 – E 6 ; and (5) maximum energies E X increase with the ion’s charge-to-mass ( Q / M ) ratio as E X / E H ∝ ( Q X / M X ) δ , where δ ∼ 0.65–0.76, assuming that the average Q states are similar to those measured in gradual and impulsive solar energetic particle events at 1 au. The absence of velocity dispersion in combination with strong field-aligned anisotropies closer to the HCS appears to rule out solar flares and near-Sun coronal-mass-ejection-driven shocks. These new observations present challenges not only for mechanisms that employ direct parallel electric fields and organize maximum energies according to E / Q but also for local diffusive and magnetic-reconnection-driven acceleration models. Reevaluation of our current understanding of the production and transport of energetic ions is necessary to understand this near-solar, current-sheet-associated population of ST ions.more » « less