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Abstract Trees regulate canopy temperature (Tc) via transpiration to maintain an optimal temperature range. In diverse forests such as those of the eastern United States, the sensitivity ofTcto changing environmental conditions may differ across species, reflecting wide variability in hydraulic traits. However, these links are not well understood in mature forests, whereTcdata have historically been difficult to obtain. Recent advancement of thermal imaging cameras (TICs) enablesTcmeasurement of previously inaccessible tall trees. By leveraging TIC and sap flux measurements, we investigated how co‐occurring trees (Quercus alba,Q. falcata, andPinus virginiana) change theirTcand vapor pressure deficit near the canopy surface (VPDc) in response to changing air temperature (Ta) and atmospheric VPD (VPDa). We found a weaker cooling effect for the species that most strongly regulates stomatal function during dry conditions (isohydric;P. virginiana). Specifically, the pine had higherTc(up to 1.3°C) and VPDc(up to 0.3 kPa) in the afternoon and smaller sensitivity of both∆T(=Tc − Ta) and∆VPD (=VPDc − VPDa) to changing conditions. Furthermore, significant differences inTcand VPDcbetween sunlit and shaded portions of a canopy implied a non‐evaporative effect onTcregulation. Specifically,Tcwas more homogeneous within the pine canopy, reflecting differences in leaf morphology that allow higher canopy transmittance of solar radiation. The variability ofTcamong species (up to 1.3°C) was comparable to the previously reported differences in surface temperature across land cover types (1°C to 2°C), implying the potential for significant impact of species composition change on local/regional surface temperature.
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Bryophytes in fir waves: Forest canopy indicator species and functional diversity decline in canopy gaps
Abstract AimsBryophytes can cover three quarters of the ground surface, play key ecological functions, and increase biodiversity in mesic high‐elevation conifer forests of the temperate zone. Forest gaps affect species coexistence (and ecosystem functions) as suggested by the gap and gap‐size partitioning hypotheses (GPH,GSPH). Here we test these hypotheses in the context of high‐elevation forest bryophyte communities and their functional attributes. Study SiteSpruce–fir forests on Whiteface Mountain, NY,USA. MethodsWe characterized canopy openness, microclimate, forest floor substrates, vascular vegetation cover, and moss layer (cover, common species, and functional attributes) in three canopy openness environments (gap, gap edge, forest canopy) across 20 gaps (fir waves) (n = 60); the functional attributes were based on 16 morphologic, reproductive, and ecological bryophyte plant functional traits (PFTs). We testedGPHandGSPHrelative to bryophyte community metrics (cover, composition), traits, and trait functional sensitivity (functional dispersion;FDis) using indicator species analysis, ordination, and regression. ResultsCanopy openness drove gradients in ground‐level temperature, substrate abundance and heterogeneity (beta diversity), and understory vascular vegetation cover. TheGPHwas consistent with (a) the abundance patterns of forest canopy indicator species (Dicranum fuscescens,Hypnum imponens, andTetraphis pellucida), and (b)FDisbased on threePFTs (growth form, fertility, and acidity), both increasing with canopy cover. We did not find support forGPHin the remaining species or traits, or forGSPHin general; gap width (12–44 m) was not related to environmental or bryophyte community gradients. ConclusionsThe observed lack of variation in most bryophyte metrics across canopy environments suggests high resistance of the bryophyte layer to natural canopy gaps in high‐elevation forests. However, responses of forest canopy indicator species suggest that canopy mortality, potentially increased by changing climate or insect pests, may cause declines in some forest canopy species and consequently in the functional diversity of bryophyte communities.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1759724
- PAR ID:
- 10371196
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley-Blackwell
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Vegetation Science
- Volume:
- 30
- Issue:
- 2
- ISSN:
- 1100-9233
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- p. 235-246
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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