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1. Examining the Potential of Cartoon-Based Simulations for Studying Mathematics Teachers’ Handling of Student Emotions: A Replication Study

   https://doi.org/10.1163/26670127-bja10013  

   Brown, A M ; Bardelli, E ; Herbst, P G ; Dimmel, J K ( November 2023 , Implementation and Replication Studies in Mathematics Education)

   Technology-mediated simulations of teaching are used increasingly to represent practice in the context of professional development interventions and assessment. Some such simulations represent students as cartoon characters. An important question in this context is whether simplified cartoon representations of students can convey similar meanings as real facial expressions do. Here, we share results from an implementation and replication study designed to observe whether and how (1) cartoon-based representations of emotion using graphical facial expressions can be interpreted at similar levels of accuracy as photo representations of emotions using actors and (2) the inclusion of markers of student emotions in storyboard-based scenarios of secondary mathematics teaching affects teachers’ appropriateness rating of the actions taken by a teacher represented in the storyboard. We show graphical representations of emotions can evoke particular intended emotions and that markers of student emotions in representations of practice could cue mathematics teachers into particular judgments of action.

   The Impact Sheet to this article can be accessed at10.6084/m9.figshare.24219964

    

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2. Diet‐based assortative mating through sexual imprinting

   https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5630  

   Delaney, Emily K. ; Hoekstra, Hopi E. ( September 2019 , Ecology and Evolution)

   Speciation is facilitated by “magic traits,” where divergent natural selection on such traits also results in assortative mating. In animal populations, diet has the potential to act as a magic trait if populations diverge in consumed food that incidentally affects mating and therefore sexual isolation. While diet‐based assortative mating has been observed in the laboratory and in natural populations, the mechanisms causing positive diet‐based assortment remain largely unknown. Here, we experimentally created divergent diets in a sexually imprinting species of mouse,Peromyscus gossypinus(the cotton mouse), to test the hypothesis that sexual imprinting on diet could be a mechanism that generates rapid and significant sexual isolation. We provided breeding pairs with novel garlic‐ or orange‐flavored water and assessed whether their offspring, exposed to these flavors in utero and in the nest before weaning, later preferred mates that consumed the same flavored water as their parents. While males showed no preference, females preferred males of their parental diet, which is predicted to yield moderate sexual isolation. Thus, our experiment demonstrates the potential for sexual imprinting on dietary cues learned in utero and/or postnatally to facilitate reproductive isolation and potentially speciation.

   This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available athttps://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.n1qq6v3.

    

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3. Multilevel Modeling of Joint Damage in Rheumatoid Arthritis

   https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200184  

   Li, Hongyang ; Guan, Yuanfang ( October 2022 , Advanced Intelligent Systems)

   While most deep learning approaches are developed for single images, in real‐world applications, images are often obtained as a series to inform decision‐making. Due to hardware (memory) and software (algorithm) limitations, few methods have been developed to integrate multiple images so far. Herein, an approach that seamlessly integrates deep learning and traditional machine learning models is presented, to study multiple images and score joint damages in rheumatoid arthritis. This method allows the quantification of joining space narrowing to approach the clinical upper limit. Beyond predictive performance, the multilevel interconnections across joints and damage types into the machine learning model are integrated and the crossregulation map of joint damages in rheumatoid arthritis is revealed. An interactive preprint version of the article can be found athttps://doi.org/10.22541/au.165828097.71839600/v1.

    

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4. Are seven amino acid substitutions sufficient to explain the evolution of high l ‐DOPA 4,5‐dioxygenase activity leading to betalain pigmentation? Revisiting the gain‐of‐function mutants of Bean et al . (2018)

   https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18981  

   Guerrero‐Rubio, M. Alejandra ; Walker‐Hale, Nathanael ; Guo, Rui ; Sheehan, Hester ; Timoneda, Alfonso ; Gandia‐Herrero, Fernando ; Brockington, Samuel F. ( September 2023 , New Phytologist)

   This work revisits a publication by Beanet al.(2018) that reports seven amino acid substitutions are essential for the evolution ofl‐DOPA 4,5‐dioxygenase (DODA) activity in Caryophyllales. In this study, we explore several concerns which led us to replicate the analyses of Beanet al.(2018).

   Our comparative analyses, with structural modelling, implicate numerous residues additional to those identified by Beanet al.(2018), with many of these additional residues occurring around the active site of BvDODAα1. We therefore replicated the analyses of Beanet al.(2018) to re‐observe the effect of their original seven residue substitutions in a BvDODAα2 background, that is the BvDODAα2‐mut3 variant.

   Multiplein vivoassays, in bothSaccharomyces cerevisiaeandNicotiana benthamiana, did not result in visible DODA activity in BvDODAα2‐mut3, with betalain production always 10‐fold below BvDODAα1.In vitroassays also revealed substantial differences in both catalytic activity and pH optima between BvDODAα1, BvDODAα2 and BvDODAα2‐mut3 proteins, explaining their differing performancein vivo.

   In summary, we were unable to replicate thein vivoanalyses of Beanet al.(2018), and our quantitativein vivoandin vitroanalyses suggest a minimal effect of these seven residues in altering catalytic activity of BvDODAα2. We conclude that the evolutionary pathway to high DODA activity is substantially more complex than implied by Beanet al.(2018).

    

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5. Mountaintop Gamma Ray Observations of Three Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes at the Säntis Tower, Switzerland With Coincident Radio Waveforms

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD039761  

   Chaffin, Jeffrey M. ; Smith, David M. ; Lapierre, Jeff ; Cummer, Steve ; Ortberg, John ; Sunjerga, Antonio ; Mostajabi, Amirhossein ; Rubinstein, Marcos ; Rachidi, Farhad ( January 2024 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres)

   We report on the mountain top observation of three terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) that occurred during the summer storm season of 2021. To our knowledge, these are the first TGFs observed in a mountaintop environment and the first published European TGFs observed from the ground. A gamma‐ray sensitive detector was located at the base of the Säntis Tower in Switzerland and observed three unique TGF events with coincident radio sferic data characteristic of TGFs seen from space. We will show an example of a “slow pulse” radio signature (Cummer et al., 2011,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048099; Lu et al., 2011,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016141; Pu et al., 2019,https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082743; Pu et al., 2020,https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089427), a −EIP (Lyu et al., 2016,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070154; Lyu et al., 2021,https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093627; Wada et al., 2020,https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031730), and a double peak TGF associated with an extraordinarily powerful and complicated positive‐polarity sferic, where each TGF peak is possibly preceded by a short burst of stepped leader emission.

    

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