Title: SNAPSHOT USA 2020: A second coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States during the COVID ‐19 pandemic
Abstract
Managing wildlife populations in the face of global change requires regular data on the abundance and distribution of wild animals, but acquiring these over appropriate spatial scales in a sustainable way has proven challenging. Here we present the data from Snapshot USA 2020, a second annual national mammal survey of the USA. This project involved 152 scientists setting camera traps in a standardized protocol at 1485 locations across 103 arrays in 43 states for a total of 52,710 trap‐nights of survey effort. Most (58) of these arrays were also sampled during the same months (September and October) in 2019, providing a direct comparison of animal populations in 2 years that includes data from both during and before the COVID‐19 pandemic. All data were managed by the eMammal system, with all species identifications checked by at least two reviewers. In total, we recorded 117,415 detections of 78 species of wild mammals, 9236 detections of at least 43 species of birds, 15,851 detections of six domestic animals and 23,825 detections of humans or their vehicles. Spatial differences across arrays explained more variation in the relative abundance than temporal variation across years for all 38 species modeled, although there are examples of significant site‐level differences among years for many species. Temporal results show how species allocate their time and can be used to study species interactions, including between humans and wildlife. These data provide a snapshot of the mammal community of the USA for 2020 and will be useful for exploring the drivers of spatial and temporal changes in relative abundance and distribution, and the impacts of species interactions on daily activity patterns. There are no copyright restrictions, and please cite this paper when using these data, or a subset of these data, for publication.
We conducted a large-scale, passive regional survey of ticks associated with wildlife of the eastern United States. Our primary goals were to better assess the current geographical distribution of exoticHaemaphysalis longicornisand to identify potential wild mammalian and avian host species. However, this large-scale survey also provided valuable information regarding the distribution and host associations for many other important tick species that utilize wildlife as hosts.
Methods
Ticks were opportunistically collected by cooperating state and federal wildlife agencies. All ticks were placed in the supplied vials and host information was recorded, including host species, age, sex, examination date, location (at least county and state), and estimated tick burden. All ticks were identified to species using morphology, and suspectH. longicorniswere confirmed through molecular techniques.
Results
In total, 1940 hosts were examined from across 369 counties from 23 states in the eastern USA. From these submissions, 20,626 ticks were collected and identified belonging to 11 different species. Our passive surveillance efforts detected exoticH. longicornisfrom nine host species from eight states. Notably, some of the earliest detections ofH. longicornisin the USA were collected from wildlife through this passive surveillance network. In addition, numerous new county reports were generated forAmblyomma americanum,Amblyomma maculatum,Dermacentor albipictus,Dermacentor variabilis, andIxodes scapularis.
Conclusions
This study provided data on ticks collected from animals from 23 different states in the eastern USA between 2010 and 2021, with the primary goal of better characterizing the distribution and host associations of the exotic tickH. longicornis;however, new distribution data on tick species of veterinary or medical importance were also obtained. Collectively, our passive surveillance has detected numerous new county reports forH. longicornisas well asI. scapularis.Our study utilizing passive wildlife surveillance for ticks across the eastern USA is an effective method for surveying a diversity of wildlife host species, allowing us to better collect data on current tick distributions relevant to human and animal health.
Human activity affects plant and animal populations across local to global scales, and the management of recreation areas often aims to reduce such impacts. Specifically, by understanding patterns of human activity and its influence on animal populations, parks and recreation areas can be managed to provide spatial and temporal refuge to wildlife most sensitive to this type of human disturbance. However, additional research is necessary to understand how human activity influences wildlife populations, habitat use, and activity patterns for a diversity of wildlife species. We studied the potential impacts of human activity (as measured by nonmotorized recreationists) on populations and activity patterns of 12 mammal species, including herbivores and carnivores, from 63 motion‐activated cameras that sampled game trails and human trails with varying degrees of human activity along the Front Range of Colorado. Human activity was greatest during the day and minimal or absent during the night. All wildlife species in our study used human trails, although the extent to which human recreation altered the occupancy, relative habitat use, and activity patterns of wildlife varied across species, where some animals appeared to be more influenced by human activity than others. Some species (e.g., fox squirrel, red fox, and striped skunk) did not demonstrate a response to human activity. Other species (e.g., black bear, coyote, and mule deer) altered their activity patterns on recreation trails to be more active at night. Across all wildlife, the degree to which animals altered activity patterns on human trails was related to their natural activity patterns and how active they were during the day when human activity was greatest; species that exhibited greater overlap in natural activity patterns with humans demonstrated the greatest shifts in their activity, often exhibiting increased nocturnal activity. Further, some species (e.g., Abert’s squirrel, bobcat, and mountain lion) exhibited reduced occupancy and/or habitat use in response to human recreation. Managing spatial and temporal refuges for wildlife would likely reduce the impacts of human recreation on animals that use habitat in proximity to trail networks.
Brusa, Jamie L.; Rotella, Jay J.; Garrott, Robert A.; Paterson, J. Terrill; Link, William A.(
, Population Ecology)
Abstract
Exploring age‐ and sex‐specific survival rates provides insight regarding population behavior and life‐history trait evolution. However, our understanding of how age‐specific patterns of survival, including actuarial senescence, compare between the sexes remains inadequate. Using 36 years of mark‐recapture data for 7,516 male Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) born in Erebus Bay, Antarctica, we estimated age‐specific annual survival rates using a hierarchical model for mark‐recapture data in a Bayesian framework. Our male survival estimates were moderate for pups and yearlings, highest for 2‐year‐olds, and gradually declined with age thereafter such that the oldest animals observed had the lowest rates of any age. Reports of senescence in other wildlife populations of species with similar longevity occurred at older ages than those presented here. When compared to recently published estimates for reproductive Weddell seal females, we found that peak survival rates were similar (males: 0.94, 95% CI = 0.92–0.96; females: 0.92, 95% CI = 0.93–0.95), but survival rates at older ages were lower in males. Age‐specific male Weddell seal survival rates varied across years and individuals, with greater variation occurring across years. Similar studies on a broad range of species are needed to contextualize these results for a better understanding of the variation in senescence patterns between the sexes of the same species, but our study adds information for a marine mammal species to a research topic dominated by avian and ungulate species.
Alston, Jesse M.; Reed, Courtney G.; Khasoha, Leo M.; Brown, Bianca R.; Busienei, Gilbert; Carlson, Nathaniel; Coverdale, Tyler C.; Dudenhoeffer, Megan; Dyck, Marissa A.; Ekeno, John; et al(
, Ecology)
Michener, William K.
(Ed.)
Diverse communities of large mammalian herbivores (LMH), once widespread, are now rare. LMH exert strong direct and indirect effects on community structure and ecosystem functions, and measuring these effects is important for testing ecological theory and for understanding past, current, and future environmental change. This in turn requires long-term experimental manipulations, owing to the slow and often nonlinear responses of populations and assemblages to LMH removal. Moreover, the effects of particular species or body-size classes within diverse LMH guilds are difficult to pinpoint, and the magnitude and even direction of these effects often depends on environmental context. Since 2008, we have maintained the Ungulate Herbivory Under Rainfall Uncertainty (UHURU) experiment, a series of size-selective LMH exclosures replicated across a rainfall/productivity gradient in a semi-arid Kenyan savanna. The goals of the UHURU experiment are to measure the effects of removing successively smaller size classes of LMH (mimicking the process of size-biased extirpation) and to establish how these effects are shaped by spatial and temporal variation in rainfall. The UHURU experiment comprises three LMH-exclusion treatments and an unfenced control, applied to 9 randomized blocks of contiguous 1-ha plots (n = 36). The fenced treatments are: “MEGA” (exclusion of megaherbivores, elephant and giraffe); “MESO” (exclusion of herbivores ≥40 kg); and “TOTAL” (exclusion of herbivores ≥5 kg). Each block is replicated three times at three sites across the 20-km rainfall gradient, which has fluctuated over the course of the experiment. The first five years of data were published previously (Ecological Archives E095-064) and have been used in numerous studies. Since that publication, we have (a) continued to collect data following the original protocols, (b) improved the taxonomic resolution and accuracy of plant and small-mammal identifications, and (c) begun collecting several new data sets. Here, we present updated and extended raw data from the first 12 years of the UHURU experiment (2008–2019). Data include daily rainfall data throughout the experiment; annual surveys of understory plant communities; annual censuses of woody-plant communities; annual measurements of individually tagged woody plants; monthly monitoring of flowering and fruiting phenology; every-other-month small-mammal mark-recapture data; and quarterly large-mammal dung surveys. There are no copyright restrictions; notification of when and how data are used is appreciated and users of UHURU data should cite this data paper when using the data.
Kays, Roland; Arbogast, Brian S.; Baker‐Whatton, Megan; Beirne, Chris; Boone, Hailey M.; Bowler, Mark; Burneo, Santiago F.; Cove, Michael V.; Ding, Ping; Espinosa, Santiago; et al(
, Methods in Ecology and Evolution)
Abstract
Camera traps deployed in grids or stratified random designs are a well‐established survey tool for wildlife but there has been little evaluation of study design parameters.
We used an empirical subsampling approach involving 2,225 camera deployments run at 41 study areas around the world to evaluate three aspects of camera trap study design (number of sites, duration and season of sampling) and their influence on the estimation of three ecological metrics (species richness, occupancy and detection rate) for mammals.
We found that 25–35 camera sites were needed for precise estimates of species richness, depending on scale of the study. The precision of species‐level estimates of occupancy (ψ) was highly sensitive to occupancy level, with <20 camera sites needed for precise estimates of common (ψ > 0.75) species, but more than 150 camera sites likely needed for rare (ψ < 0.25) species. Species detection rates were more difficult to estimate precisely at the grid level due to spatial heterogeneity, presumably driven by unaccounted habitat variability factors within the study area. Running a camera at a site for 2 weeks was most efficient for detecting new species, but 3–4 weeks were needed for precise estimates of local detection rate, with no gains in precision observed after 1 month. Metrics for all mammal communities were sensitive to seasonality, with 37%–50% of the species at the sites we examined fluctuating significantly in their occupancy or detection rates over the year. This effect was more pronounced in temperate sites, where seasonally sensitive species varied in relative abundance by an average factor of 4–5, and some species were completely absent in one season due to hibernation or migration.
We recommend the following guidelines to efficiently obtain precise estimates of species richness, occupancy and detection rates with camera trap arrays: run each camera for 3–5 weeks across 40–60 sites per array. We recommend comparisons of detection rates be model based and include local covariates to help account for small‐scale variation. Furthermore, comparisons across study areas or times must account for seasonality, which could have strong impacts on mammal communities in both tropical and temperate sites.
Kays, Roland, Cove, Michael V., Diaz, Jose, Todd, Kimberly, Bresnan, Claire, Snider, Matt, Lee, Jr, Thomas E., Jasper, Jonathan G., Douglas, Brianna, Crupi, Anthony P., Weiss, Katherine C. B., Rowe, Helen, Sprague, Tiffany, Schipper, Jan, Lepczyk, Christopher A., Fantle‐Lepczyk, Jean E., Davenport, Jon, Zimova, Marketa, Farris, Zach, Williamson, Jacque, Fisher‐Reid, M. Caitlin, Rezendes, Drew, King, Sean M., Chrysafis, Petros, Jensen, Alex J., Jachowski, David S., King, Katherine C., Herrera, Daniel J., Moore, Sophie, van der Merwe, Marius, Lombardi, Jason V., Sergeyev, Maksim, Tewes, Michael E., Horan, III, Robert V., Rentz, Michael S., Driver, Ace, Brandt, La Roy S. E., Nagy, Christopher, Alexander, Peter, Maher, Sean P., Darracq, Andrea K., Barr, Evan G., Hess, George, Webb, Stephen L., Proctor, Mike D., Vanek, John P., Lafferty, Diana J. R., Hubbard, Tru, Jiménez, Jaime E., McCain, Craig, Favreau, Jorie, Fogarty, Jack, Hill, Jacob, Hammerich, Steven, Gray, Morgan, Rega‐Brodsky, Christine C., Durbin, Caleb, Flaherty, Elizabeth A., Brooke, Jarred, Coster, Stephanie S., Lathrop, Richard G., Russell, Katarina, Bogan, Daniel A., Shamon, Hila, Rooney, Brigit, Rockhill, Aimee, Lonsinger, Robert C., O'Mara, M. Teague, Compton, Justin A., Barthelmess, Erika L., Andy, Katherine E., Belant, Jerrold L., Petroelje, Tyler, Wehr, Nathaniel H., Beyer, Jr, Dean E., Scognamillo, Daniel G., Schalk, Chris, Day, Kara, Ellison, Caroline N., Ruthven, Chip, Nunley, Blaine, Fritts, Sarah, Whittier, Christopher A., Neiswenter, Sean A., Pelletier, Robert, DeGregorio, Brett A., Kuprewicz, Erin K., Davis, Miranda L., Baruzzi, Carolina, Lashley, Marcus A., McDonald, Brandon, Mason, David, Risch, Derek R., Allen, Maximilian L., Whipple, Laura S., Sperry, Jinelle H., Alexander, Emmarie, Wolff, Patrick J., Hagen, Robert H., Mortelliti, Alessio, Bolinjcar, Amay, Wilson, Andrew M., Van Norman, Scott, Powell, Cailey, Coletto, Henry, Schauss, Martha, Bontrager, Helen, Beasley, James, Ellis‐Felege, Susan N., Wehr, Samuel R., Giery, Sean T., Pekins, Charles E., LaRose, Summer H., Revord, Ronald S., Hansen, Christopher P., Hansen, Lonnie, Millspaugh, Joshua J., Zorn, Adam, Gerber, Brian D., Rezendes, Kylie, Adley, Jessie, Sevin, Jennifer, Green, Austin M., Şekercioğlu, Çağan H., Pendergast, Mary E., Mullen, Kayleigh, Bird, Tori, Edelman, Andrew J., Romero, Andrea, O'Neill, Brian J., Schmitz, Noel, Vandermus, Rebecca A., Alston, Jesse M., Kuhn, Kellie M., Hasstedt, Steven C., Lesmeister, Damon B., Appel, Cara L., Rota, Christopher, Stenglein, Jennifer L., Anhalt‐Depies, Christine, Nelson, Carrie L., Long, Robert A., Remine, Kathryn R., Jordan, Mark J., Elbroch, L. Mark, Bergman, Dylan, Cendejas‐Zarelli, Sara, Sager‐Fradkin, Kim, Conner, Mike, Morris, Gail, Parsons, Elizabeth, Hernández‐Yáñez, Haydée, and McShea, William J. SNAPSHOT USA 2020: A second coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States during the COVID ‐19 pandemic. Ecology 103.10 Web. doi:10.1002/ecy.3775.
Kays, Roland, Cove, Michael V., Diaz, Jose, Todd, Kimberly, Bresnan, Claire, Snider, Matt, Lee, Jr, Thomas E., Jasper, Jonathan G., Douglas, Brianna, Crupi, Anthony P., Weiss, Katherine C. B., Rowe, Helen, Sprague, Tiffany, Schipper, Jan, Lepczyk, Christopher A., Fantle‐Lepczyk, Jean E., Davenport, Jon, Zimova, Marketa, Farris, Zach, Williamson, Jacque, Fisher‐Reid, M. Caitlin, Rezendes, Drew, King, Sean M., Chrysafis, Petros, Jensen, Alex J., Jachowski, David S., King, Katherine C., Herrera, Daniel J., Moore, Sophie, van der Merwe, Marius, Lombardi, Jason V., Sergeyev, Maksim, Tewes, Michael E., Horan, III, Robert V., Rentz, Michael S., Driver, Ace, Brandt, La Roy S. E., Nagy, Christopher, Alexander, Peter, Maher, Sean P., Darracq, Andrea K., Barr, Evan G., Hess, George, Webb, Stephen L., Proctor, Mike D., Vanek, John P., Lafferty, Diana J. R., Hubbard, Tru, Jiménez, Jaime E., McCain, Craig, Favreau, Jorie, Fogarty, Jack, Hill, Jacob, Hammerich, Steven, Gray, Morgan, Rega‐Brodsky, Christine C., Durbin, Caleb, Flaherty, Elizabeth A., Brooke, Jarred, Coster, Stephanie S., Lathrop, Richard G., Russell, Katarina, Bogan, Daniel A., Shamon, Hila, Rooney, Brigit, Rockhill, Aimee, Lonsinger, Robert C., O'Mara, M. Teague, Compton, Justin A., Barthelmess, Erika L., Andy, Katherine E., Belant, Jerrold L., Petroelje, Tyler, Wehr, Nathaniel H., Beyer, Jr, Dean E., Scognamillo, Daniel G., Schalk, Chris, Day, Kara, Ellison, Caroline N., Ruthven, Chip, Nunley, Blaine, Fritts, Sarah, Whittier, Christopher A., Neiswenter, Sean A., Pelletier, Robert, DeGregorio, Brett A., Kuprewicz, Erin K., Davis, Miranda L., Baruzzi, Carolina, Lashley, Marcus A., McDonald, Brandon, Mason, David, Risch, Derek R., Allen, Maximilian L., Whipple, Laura S., Sperry, Jinelle H., Alexander, Emmarie, Wolff, Patrick J., Hagen, Robert H., Mortelliti, Alessio, Bolinjcar, Amay, Wilson, Andrew M., Van Norman, Scott, Powell, Cailey, Coletto, Henry, Schauss, Martha, Bontrager, Helen, Beasley, James, Ellis‐Felege, Susan N., Wehr, Samuel R., Giery, Sean T., Pekins, Charles E., LaRose, Summer H., Revord, Ronald S., Hansen, Christopher P., Hansen, Lonnie, Millspaugh, Joshua J., Zorn, Adam, Gerber, Brian D., Rezendes, Kylie, Adley, Jessie, Sevin, Jennifer, Green, Austin M., Şekercioğlu, Çağan H., Pendergast, Mary E., Mullen, Kayleigh, Bird, Tori, Edelman, Andrew J., Romero, Andrea, O'Neill, Brian J., Schmitz, Noel, Vandermus, Rebecca A., Alston, Jesse M., Kuhn, Kellie M., Hasstedt, Steven C., Lesmeister, Damon B., Appel, Cara L., Rota, Christopher, Stenglein, Jennifer L., Anhalt‐Depies, Christine, Nelson, Carrie L., Long, Robert A., Remine, Kathryn R., Jordan, Mark J., Elbroch, L. Mark, Bergman, Dylan, Cendejas‐Zarelli, Sara, Sager‐Fradkin, Kim, Conner, Mike, Morris, Gail, Parsons, Elizabeth, Hernández‐Yáñez, Haydée, & McShea, William J. SNAPSHOT USA 2020: A second coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States during the COVID ‐19 pandemic. Ecology, 103 (10). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3775
Kays, Roland, Cove, Michael V., Diaz, Jose, Todd, Kimberly, Bresnan, Claire, Snider, Matt, Lee, Jr, Thomas E., Jasper, Jonathan G., Douglas, Brianna, Crupi, Anthony P., Weiss, Katherine C. B., Rowe, Helen, Sprague, Tiffany, Schipper, Jan, Lepczyk, Christopher A., Fantle‐Lepczyk, Jean E., Davenport, Jon, Zimova, Marketa, Farris, Zach, Williamson, Jacque, Fisher‐Reid, M. Caitlin, Rezendes, Drew, King, Sean M., Chrysafis, Petros, Jensen, Alex J., Jachowski, David S., King, Katherine C., Herrera, Daniel J., Moore, Sophie, van der Merwe, Marius, Lombardi, Jason V., Sergeyev, Maksim, Tewes, Michael E., Horan, III, Robert V., Rentz, Michael S., Driver, Ace, Brandt, La Roy S. E., Nagy, Christopher, Alexander, Peter, Maher, Sean P., Darracq, Andrea K., Barr, Evan G., Hess, George, Webb, Stephen L., Proctor, Mike D., Vanek, John P., Lafferty, Diana J. R., Hubbard, Tru, Jiménez, Jaime E., McCain, Craig, Favreau, Jorie, Fogarty, Jack, Hill, Jacob, Hammerich, Steven, Gray, Morgan, Rega‐Brodsky, Christine C., Durbin, Caleb, Flaherty, Elizabeth A., Brooke, Jarred, Coster, Stephanie S., Lathrop, Richard G., Russell, Katarina, Bogan, Daniel A., Shamon, Hila, Rooney, Brigit, Rockhill, Aimee, Lonsinger, Robert C., O'Mara, M. Teague, Compton, Justin A., Barthelmess, Erika L., Andy, Katherine E., Belant, Jerrold L., Petroelje, Tyler, Wehr, Nathaniel H., Beyer, Jr, Dean E., Scognamillo, Daniel G., Schalk, Chris, Day, Kara, Ellison, Caroline N., Ruthven, Chip, Nunley, Blaine, Fritts, Sarah, Whittier, Christopher A., Neiswenter, Sean A., Pelletier, Robert, DeGregorio, Brett A., Kuprewicz, Erin K., Davis, Miranda L., Baruzzi, Carolina, Lashley, Marcus A., McDonald, Brandon, Mason, David, Risch, Derek R., Allen, Maximilian L., Whipple, Laura S., Sperry, Jinelle H., Alexander, Emmarie, Wolff, Patrick J., Hagen, Robert H., Mortelliti, Alessio, Bolinjcar, Amay, Wilson, Andrew M., Van Norman, Scott, Powell, Cailey, Coletto, Henry, Schauss, Martha, Bontrager, Helen, Beasley, James, Ellis‐Felege, Susan N., Wehr, Samuel R., Giery, Sean T., Pekins, Charles E., LaRose, Summer H., Revord, Ronald S., Hansen, Christopher P., Hansen, Lonnie, Millspaugh, Joshua J., Zorn, Adam, Gerber, Brian D., Rezendes, Kylie, Adley, Jessie, Sevin, Jennifer, Green, Austin M., Şekercioğlu, Çağan H., Pendergast, Mary E., Mullen, Kayleigh, Bird, Tori, Edelman, Andrew J., Romero, Andrea, O'Neill, Brian J., Schmitz, Noel, Vandermus, Rebecca A., Alston, Jesse M., Kuhn, Kellie M., Hasstedt, Steven C., Lesmeister, Damon B., Appel, Cara L., Rota, Christopher, Stenglein, Jennifer L., Anhalt‐Depies, Christine, Nelson, Carrie L., Long, Robert A., Remine, Kathryn R., Jordan, Mark J., Elbroch, L. Mark, Bergman, Dylan, Cendejas‐Zarelli, Sara, Sager‐Fradkin, Kim, Conner, Mike, Morris, Gail, Parsons, Elizabeth, Hernández‐Yáñez, Haydée, and McShea, William J.
"SNAPSHOT USA 2020: A second coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States during the COVID ‐19 pandemic". Ecology 103 (10). Country unknown/Code not available: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3775.https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10373220.
@article{osti_10373220,
place = {Country unknown/Code not available},
title = {SNAPSHOT USA 2020: A second coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States during the COVID ‐19 pandemic},
url = {https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10373220},
DOI = {10.1002/ecy.3775},
abstractNote = {Abstract Managing wildlife populations in the face of global change requires regular data on the abundance and distribution of wild animals, but acquiring these over appropriate spatial scales in a sustainable way has proven challenging. Here we present the data from Snapshot USA 2020, a second annual national mammal survey of the USA. This project involved 152 scientists setting camera traps in a standardized protocol at 1485 locations across 103 arrays in 43 states for a total of 52,710 trap‐nights of survey effort. Most (58) of these arrays were also sampled during the same months (September and October) in 2019, providing a direct comparison of animal populations in 2 years that includes data from both during and before the COVID‐19 pandemic. All data were managed by the eMammal system, with all species identifications checked by at least two reviewers. In total, we recorded 117,415 detections of 78 species of wild mammals, 9236 detections of at least 43 species of birds, 15,851 detections of six domestic animals and 23,825 detections of humans or their vehicles. Spatial differences across arrays explained more variation in the relative abundance than temporal variation across years for all 38 species modeled, although there are examples of significant site‐level differences among years for many species. Temporal results show how species allocate their time and can be used to study species interactions, including between humans and wildlife. These data provide a snapshot of the mammal community of the USA for 2020 and will be useful for exploring the drivers of spatial and temporal changes in relative abundance and distribution, and the impacts of species interactions on daily activity patterns. There are no copyright restrictions, and please cite this paper when using these data, or a subset of these data, for publication.},
journal = {Ecology},
volume = {103},
number = {10},
publisher = {Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)},
author = {Kays, Roland and Cove, Michael V. and Diaz, Jose and Todd, Kimberly and Bresnan, Claire and Snider, Matt and Lee, Jr, Thomas E. and Jasper, Jonathan G. and Douglas, Brianna and Crupi, Anthony P. and Weiss, Katherine C. B. and Rowe, Helen and Sprague, Tiffany and Schipper, Jan and Lepczyk, Christopher A. and Fantle‐Lepczyk, Jean E. and Davenport, Jon and Zimova, Marketa and Farris, Zach and Williamson, Jacque and Fisher‐Reid, M. Caitlin and Rezendes, Drew and King, Sean M. and Chrysafis, Petros and Jensen, Alex J. and Jachowski, David S. and King, Katherine C. and Herrera, Daniel J. and Moore, Sophie and van der Merwe, Marius and Lombardi, Jason V. and Sergeyev, Maksim and Tewes, Michael E. and Horan, III, Robert V. and Rentz, Michael S. and Driver, Ace and Brandt, La Roy S. E. and Nagy, Christopher and Alexander, Peter and Maher, Sean P. and Darracq, Andrea K. and Barr, Evan G. and Hess, George and Webb, Stephen L. and Proctor, Mike D. and Vanek, John P. and Lafferty, Diana J. R. and Hubbard, Tru and Jiménez, Jaime E. and McCain, Craig and Favreau, Jorie and Fogarty, Jack and Hill, Jacob and Hammerich, Steven and Gray, Morgan and Rega‐Brodsky, Christine C. and Durbin, Caleb and Flaherty, Elizabeth A. and Brooke, Jarred and Coster, Stephanie S. and Lathrop, Richard G. and Russell, Katarina and Bogan, Daniel A. and Shamon, Hila and Rooney, Brigit and Rockhill, Aimee and Lonsinger, Robert C. and O'Mara, M. Teague and Compton, Justin A. and Barthelmess, Erika L. and Andy, Katherine E. and Belant, Jerrold L. and Petroelje, Tyler and Wehr, Nathaniel H. and Beyer, Jr, Dean E. and Scognamillo, Daniel G. and Schalk, Chris and Day, Kara and Ellison, Caroline N. and Ruthven, Chip and Nunley, Blaine and Fritts, Sarah and Whittier, Christopher A. and Neiswenter, Sean A. and Pelletier, Robert and DeGregorio, Brett A. and Kuprewicz, Erin K. and Davis, Miranda L. and Baruzzi, Carolina and Lashley, Marcus A. and McDonald, Brandon and Mason, David and Risch, Derek R. and Allen, Maximilian L. and Whipple, Laura S. and Sperry, Jinelle H. and Alexander, Emmarie and Wolff, Patrick J. and Hagen, Robert H. and Mortelliti, Alessio and Bolinjcar, Amay and Wilson, Andrew M. and Van Norman, Scott and Powell, Cailey and Coletto, Henry and Schauss, Martha and Bontrager, Helen and Beasley, James and Ellis‐Felege, Susan N. and Wehr, Samuel R. and Giery, Sean T. and Pekins, Charles E. and LaRose, Summer H. and Revord, Ronald S. and Hansen, Christopher P. and Hansen, Lonnie and Millspaugh, Joshua J. and Zorn, Adam and Gerber, Brian D. and Rezendes, Kylie and Adley, Jessie and Sevin, Jennifer and Green, Austin M. and Şekercioğlu, Çağan H. and Pendergast, Mary E. and Mullen, Kayleigh and Bird, Tori and Edelman, Andrew J. and Romero, Andrea and O'Neill, Brian J. and Schmitz, Noel and Vandermus, Rebecca A. and Alston, Jesse M. and Kuhn, Kellie M. and Hasstedt, Steven C. and Lesmeister, Damon B. and Appel, Cara L. and Rota, Christopher and Stenglein, Jennifer L. and Anhalt‐Depies, Christine and Nelson, Carrie L. and Long, Robert A. and Remine, Kathryn R. and Jordan, Mark J. and Elbroch, L. Mark and Bergman, Dylan and Cendejas‐Zarelli, Sara and Sager‐Fradkin, Kim and Conner, Mike and Morris, Gail and Parsons, Elizabeth and Hernández‐Yáñez, Haydée and McShea, William J.},
}
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