The present work is a comprehensive study of the ionospheric vertical total electron content (vTEC) variations during the nighttime, based on data collected by ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers over the Latin American region. We provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the ionospheric vTEC trend at 21:00, 00:00, and 03:00 local time (LT), during geomagnetically undisturbed days of 2011 (ascending phase) and 2014 (maximum phase), which encompassed (a) the response to the solar flux variation, (b) the seasonal trend in different latitudes and longitudes, and (c) the interhemispheric asymmetry. One significant result of this study is the development of TEC maps for the Latin American region, which are used for the monitoring and forecasting of the ionosphere for space weather purposes. The nighttime vTEC variations showed a strong latitudinal dependence, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. For 2011, the semiannual anomaly was similar to that observed in daytime; however, in 2014, the receivers at midlatitude presented asymmetric behavior. Similarly, the nighttime winter anomaly (NWA) was very weak in both years. The Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly (EIA) signature was absent from June to August, a period in which the hemispheric disparity in the vTEC values became more evident, suggesting a feeble interhemispheric circulation. The Midlatitude Summer Nighttime Anomaly (MSNA) was also identified in the Southern Hemisphere, during January and February of 2011 (moderate solar activity). Model approximations suggest that the equatorward winds and the EIA were involved in the formation of the MSNA.
During sudden stratospheric warming events, the ionosphere exhibits phase‐shifted semidiurnal perturbations, which are typically attributed to vertical coupling associated with the semidiurnal lunar tide (M2). Our understanding of ionospheric responses to M2 is limited. This study focuses on fundamental vertical coupling processes associated with the latitudinal extent and hemispheric asymmetry of ionospheric M2 signatures using total electron content data from the American sector. Our results illustrate that the asymmetry maximizes at 15°N and 20°S magnetic latitudes. In the Southern Hemisphere, the M2‐like signatures extend deep into midlatitude and encounter the Weddell Sea Anomaly. The time evolution of the Anomaly exhibits a distortion, which is attributed to an M2 modulation. The hemispheric asymmetry of M2 signatures in the low latitude can be primarily explained by the transequatorial wind modulation of the equatorial plasma fountain. Other physical processes could also be relevant, including hemispheric asymmetry of the M2 below the F‐region, the ambient thermospheric composition and ionospheric plasma distribution, and the geomagnetic field configuration.
more » « less- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10375754
- Publisher / Repository:
- DOI PREFIX: 10.1029
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
- Volume:
- 126
- Issue:
- 5
- ISSN:
- 2169-9380
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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