Title: Widespread variation in salt tolerance within freshwater zooplankton species reduces the predictability of community‐level salt tolerance
Abstract
The salinization of freshwaters is a global threat to aquatic biodiversity. We quantified variation in chloride (Cl−) tolerance of 19 freshwater zooplankton species in four countries to answer three questions: (1) How much variation in Cl−tolerance is present among populations? (2) What factors predict intraspecific variation in Cl−tolerance? (3) Must we account for intraspecific variation to accurately predict community Cl−tolerance? We conducted field mesocosm experiments at 16 sites and compiled acute LC50s from published laboratory studies. We found high variation in LC50s for Cl−tolerance in multiple species, which, in the experiment, was only explained by zooplankton community composition. Variation in species‐LC50was high enough that at 45% of lakes, community response was not predictable based on species tolerances measured at other sites. This suggests that water quality guidelines should be based on multiple populations and communities to account for large intraspecific variation in Cl−tolerance.
Armstrong, Jessica J.; Takebayashi, Naoki; Wolf, Diana E.(
, American Journal of Botany)
Premise
Cold tolerance is an important factor limiting the geographic distribution and growing season for many plant species, yet few studies have examined variation in cold tolerance extensively within and among closely related species and compared that to their geographic distribution.
Methods
This study examines cold tolerance within and among species in the genusArabidopsis. We assessed cold tolerance by measuring electrolyte leakage from detached leaves in multiple populations of fiveArabidopsistaxa. The temperature at which 50% of cells were lysed was considered the lethal temperature (LT50).
Results
We found variability within and among taxa in cold tolerance. There was no significant within‐species relationship between latitude and cold tolerance. However, the northern taxa,A. kamchatica,A. lyratasubsp.petraea, andA. lyratasubsp.lyrata, were more cold tolerant thanA. thalianaandA. hallerisubsp.gemmiferaboth before and after cold acclimation. Cold tolerance increased after cold acclimation (exposure to low, but nonfreezing temperatures) for all taxa, although the difference was not significant forA. hallerisubsp.gemmifera. For all taxa exceptA. lyratasubsp.lyrata, theLT50values for cold‐acclimated plants were higher than the January mean daily minimum temperature (Tmin), indicating that if plants were not insulated by snow cover, they would not likely survive winter at the northern edge of their range.
Conclusions
Arabidopsis lyrataandA. kamchaticawere far more cold tolerant thanA. thaliana. These extremely cold‐tolerant taxa are excellent candidates for studying both the molecular and ecological aspects of cold tolerance.
Rising salinity from road deicing salts threatens the survival and reproduction of freshwater organisms. We conducted two experiments to address howDaphnia pulexsurvival and reproduction were affected by road salt concentration (control, 120, 640 and 1200 mg Cl−/L) crossed with three concentrations of water hardness (20, 97, 185 mg CaCO3/L).D. pulexsurvival was poor in our hard water treatment in both experiments (185 mg CaCO3/L), potentially indicating a low tolerance to hard water for the strain used in our experiments. With the remaining two hardness treatments (20 and 97 mg CaCO3/L), we found no evidence of an interactive effect between salt concentration and water hardness onD. pulexsurvival. In our population-level experiment,D. pulexsurvival was reduced by > 60% at 120 mg Cl−/L compared to the control. In the individual experiment, survival was similar between the control and 120 mg Cl−/L, but ≤ 40% of individuals survived in 640 and 1200 mg Cl−/L. For the surviving individuals across all treatments, the number of offspring produced per individual declined with increasing Cl−concentration and in hard water. Our results indicate that current Cl−thresholds may not protect some zooplankton and reduced food availability per capita may enhance the negative impacts of road salt.
Zaiats, Andrii; Germino, Matthew J.; Serpe, Marcelo D.; Richardson, Bryce A.; Caughlin, T. Trevor(
, Ecology)
Abstract
Interactions between neighboring plants are critical for biodiversity maintenance in plant populations and communities. Intraspecific trait variation and genome duplication are common in plant species and can drive eco‐evolutionary dynamics through genotype‐mediated plant–plant interactions. However, few studies have examined how species‐wide intraspecific variation may alter interactions between neighboring plants. We investigate how subspecies and ploidy variation in a genetically diverse species, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), can alter the demographic outcomes of plant interactions. Using a replicated, long‐term common garden experiment that represents range‐wide diversity ofA. tridentata, we ask how intraspecific variation, environment, and stand age mediate neighbor effects on plant growth and survival. Spatially explicit models revealed that ploidy variation and subspecies identity can mediate plant–plant interactions but that the effect size varied in time and across experimental sites. We found that demographic impacts of neighbor effects were strongest during early stages of stand development and in sites with greater growth rates. Within subspecies, tetraploid populations showed greater tolerance to neighbor crowding compared to their diploid variants. Our findings provide evidence that intraspecific variation related to genome size and subspecies identity impacts spatial demography in a genetically diverse plant species. Accounting for intraspecific variation in studies of conspecific density dependence will improve our understanding of how local populations will respond to novel genotypes and biotic interaction regimes. As introduction of novel genotypes into local populations becomes more common, quantifying demographic processes in genetically diverse populations will help predict long‐term consequences of plant–plant interactions.
Villeneuve, Andrew R; Komoroske, Lisa M; Cheng, Brian S(
, Conservation Physiology)
Cooke, Steve
(Ed.)
Abstract Models of species response to climate change often assume that physiological traits are invariant across populations. Neglecting potential intraspecific variation may overlook the possibility that some populations are more resilient or susceptible than others, creating inaccurate predictions of climate impacts. In addition, phenotypic plasticity can contribute to trait variation and may mediate sensitivity to climate. Quantifying such forms of intraspecific variation can improve our understanding of how climate can affect ecologically important species, such as invasive predators. Here, we quantified thermal performance (tolerance, acclimation capacity, developmental traits) across seven populations of the predatory marine snail (Urosalpinx cinerea) from native Atlantic and non-native Pacific coast populations in the USA. Using common garden experiments, we assessed the effects of source population and developmental acclimation on thermal tolerance and developmental traits of F1 snails. We then estimated climate sensitivity by calculating warming tolerance (thermal tolerance − habitat temperature), using field environmental data. We report that low-latitude populations had greater thermal tolerance than their high latitude counterparts. However, these same low-latitude populations exhibited decreased thermal tolerance when exposed to environmentally realistic higher acclimation temperatures. Low-latitude native populations had the greatest climate sensitivity (habitat temperatures near thermal limits). In contrast, invasive Pacific snails had the lowest climate sensitivity, suggesting that these populations are likely to persist and drive negative impacts on native biodiversity. Developmental rate significantly increased in embryos sourced from populations with greater habitat temperature but had variable effects on clutch size and hatching success. Thus, warming can produce widely divergent responses within the same species, resulting in enhanced impacts in the non-native range and extirpation in the native range. Broadly, our results highlight how intraspecific variation can alter management decisions, as this may clarify whether management efforts should be focused on many or only a few populations.
Smith‐Martin, Chris M.; Muscarella, Robert; Ankori‐Karlinsky, Roi; Delzon, Sylvain; Farrar, Samuel L.; Salva‐Sauri, Melissa; Thompson, Jill; Zimmerman, Jess K.; Uriarte, María(
, Functional Ecology)
Abstract
Severe droughts have led to lower plant growth and high mortality in many ecosystems worldwide, including tropical forests. Drought vulnerability differs among species, but there is limited consensus on the nature and degree of this variation in tropical forest communities. Understanding species‐level vulnerability to drought requires examination of hydraulic traits since these reflect the different strategies species employ for surviving drought.
Here, we examined hydraulic traits and growth reductions during a severe drought for 12 common woody species in a wet tropical forest community in Puerto Rico to ask: Q1. To what extent can hydraulic traits predict growth declines during drought? We expected that species with more hydraulically vulnerable xylem and narrower safety margins (SMP50) would grow less during drought. Q2. How does species successional association relate to the levels of vulnerability to drought and hydraulic strategies? We predicted that early‐ and mid‐successional species would exhibit more acquisitive strategies, making them more susceptible to drought than shade‐tolerant species. Q3. What are the different hydraulic strategies employed by species and are there trade‐offs between drought avoidance and drought tolerance? We anticipated that species with greater water storage capacity would have leaves that lose turgor at higher xylem water potential and be less resistant to embolism forming in their xylem (P50).
We found a large range of variation in hydraulic traits across species; however, they did not closely capture the magnitude of growth declines during drought. Among larger trees (≥10 cm diameter at breast height—DBH), some tree species with high xylem embolism vulnerability (P50) and risk of hydraulic failure (SMP50) experienced substantial growth declines during drought, but this pattern was not consistent across species. We found a trade‐off among species between drought avoidance (capacitance) and drought tolerating (P50) in this tropical forest community. Hydraulic strategies did not align with successional associations. Instead, some of the more drought‐vulnerable species were shade‐tolerant dominants in the community, suggesting that a drying climate could lead to shifts in long‐term forest composition and function in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean.
Read the freePlain Language Summaryfor this article on the Journal blog.
Arnott, Shelley E., Fugère, Vincent, Symons, Celia C., Melles, Stephanie J., Beisner, Beatrix E., Cañedo‐Argüelles, Miguel, Hébert, Marie‐Pier, Brentrup, Jennifer A., Downing, Amy L., Gray, Derek K., Greco, Danielle, Hintz, William D., McClymont, Alexandra, Relyea, Rick A., Rusak, James A., Searle, Catherine L., Astorg, Louis, Baker, Henry K., Ersoy, Zeynep, Espinosa, Carmen, Franceschini, Jaclyn M., Giorgio, Angelina T., Göbeler, Norman, Hassal, Emily, Huynh, Mercedes, Hylander, Samuel, Jonasen, Kacie L., Kirkwood, Andrea, Langenheder, Silke, Langvall, Ola, Laudon, Hjalmar, Lind, Lovisa, Lundgren, Maria, Moffett, Emma R., Proia, Lorenzo, Schuler, Matthew S., Shurin, Jonathan B., Steiner, Christopher F., Striebel, Maren, Thibodeau, Simon, Cordero, Pablo Urrutia, Vendrell‐Puigmitja, Lidia, Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., and Derry, Alison M. Widespread variation in salt tolerance within freshwater zooplankton species reduces the predictability of community‐level salt tolerance. Limnology and Oceanography Letters 8.1 Web. doi:10.1002/lol2.10277.
Arnott, Shelley E., Fugère, Vincent, Symons, Celia C., Melles, Stephanie J., Beisner, Beatrix E., Cañedo‐Argüelles, Miguel, Hébert, Marie‐Pier, Brentrup, Jennifer A., Downing, Amy L., Gray, Derek K., Greco, Danielle, Hintz, William D., McClymont, Alexandra, Relyea, Rick A., Rusak, James A., Searle, Catherine L., Astorg, Louis, Baker, Henry K., Ersoy, Zeynep, Espinosa, Carmen, Franceschini, Jaclyn M., Giorgio, Angelina T., Göbeler, Norman, Hassal, Emily, Huynh, Mercedes, Hylander, Samuel, Jonasen, Kacie L., Kirkwood, Andrea, Langenheder, Silke, Langvall, Ola, Laudon, Hjalmar, Lind, Lovisa, Lundgren, Maria, Moffett, Emma R., Proia, Lorenzo, Schuler, Matthew S., Shurin, Jonathan B., Steiner, Christopher F., Striebel, Maren, Thibodeau, Simon, Cordero, Pablo Urrutia, Vendrell‐Puigmitja, Lidia, Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., & Derry, Alison M. Widespread variation in salt tolerance within freshwater zooplankton species reduces the predictability of community‐level salt tolerance. Limnology and Oceanography Letters, 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10277
Arnott, Shelley E., Fugère, Vincent, Symons, Celia C., Melles, Stephanie J., Beisner, Beatrix E., Cañedo‐Argüelles, Miguel, Hébert, Marie‐Pier, Brentrup, Jennifer A., Downing, Amy L., Gray, Derek K., Greco, Danielle, Hintz, William D., McClymont, Alexandra, Relyea, Rick A., Rusak, James A., Searle, Catherine L., Astorg, Louis, Baker, Henry K., Ersoy, Zeynep, Espinosa, Carmen, Franceschini, Jaclyn M., Giorgio, Angelina T., Göbeler, Norman, Hassal, Emily, Huynh, Mercedes, Hylander, Samuel, Jonasen, Kacie L., Kirkwood, Andrea, Langenheder, Silke, Langvall, Ola, Laudon, Hjalmar, Lind, Lovisa, Lundgren, Maria, Moffett, Emma R., Proia, Lorenzo, Schuler, Matthew S., Shurin, Jonathan B., Steiner, Christopher F., Striebel, Maren, Thibodeau, Simon, Cordero, Pablo Urrutia, Vendrell‐Puigmitja, Lidia, Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., and Derry, Alison M.
"Widespread variation in salt tolerance within freshwater zooplankton species reduces the predictability of community‐level salt tolerance". Limnology and Oceanography Letters 8 (1). Country unknown/Code not available: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons). https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10277.https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10393301.
@article{osti_10393301,
place = {Country unknown/Code not available},
title = {Widespread variation in salt tolerance within freshwater zooplankton species reduces the predictability of community‐level salt tolerance},
url = {https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10393301},
DOI = {10.1002/lol2.10277},
abstractNote = {Abstract The salinization of freshwaters is a global threat to aquatic biodiversity. We quantified variation in chloride (Cl−) tolerance of 19 freshwater zooplankton species in four countries to answer three questions: (1) How much variation in Cl−tolerance is present among populations? (2) What factors predict intraspecific variation in Cl−tolerance? (3) Must we account for intraspecific variation to accurately predict community Cl−tolerance? We conducted field mesocosm experiments at 16 sites and compiled acute LC50s from published laboratory studies. We found high variation in LC50s for Cl−tolerance in multiple species, which, in the experiment, was only explained by zooplankton community composition. Variation in species‐LC50was high enough that at 45% of lakes, community response was not predictable based on species tolerances measured at other sites. This suggests that water quality guidelines should be based on multiple populations and communities to account for large intraspecific variation in Cl−tolerance.},
journal = {Limnology and Oceanography Letters},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
publisher = {Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)},
author = {Arnott, Shelley E. and Fugère, Vincent and Symons, Celia C. and Melles, Stephanie J. and Beisner, Beatrix E. and Cañedo‐Argüelles, Miguel and Hébert, Marie‐Pier and Brentrup, Jennifer A. and Downing, Amy L. and Gray, Derek K. and Greco, Danielle and Hintz, William D. and McClymont, Alexandra and Relyea, Rick A. and Rusak, James A. and Searle, Catherine L. and Astorg, Louis and Baker, Henry K. and Ersoy, Zeynep and Espinosa, Carmen and Franceschini, Jaclyn M. and Giorgio, Angelina T. and Göbeler, Norman and Hassal, Emily and Huynh, Mercedes and Hylander, Samuel and Jonasen, Kacie L. and Kirkwood, Andrea and Langenheder, Silke and Langvall, Ola and Laudon, Hjalmar and Lind, Lovisa and Lundgren, Maria and Moffett, Emma R. and Proia, Lorenzo and Schuler, Matthew S. and Shurin, Jonathan B. and Steiner, Christopher F. and Striebel, Maren and Thibodeau, Simon and Cordero, Pablo Urrutia and Vendrell‐Puigmitja, Lidia and Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A. and Derry, Alison M.},
}
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