A guideline is proposed that comprises the minimum items to be reported in research studies involving an eye tracker and human or non-human primate participant(s). This guideline was developed over a 3-year period using a consensus-based process via an open invitation to the international eye tracking community. This guideline will be reviewed at maximum intervals of 4 years.
more »
« less
Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline
In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section “An empirically based minimal reporting guideline”).
more »
« less
- Award ID(s):
- 1734887
- PAR ID:
- 10429095
- Author(s) / Creator(s):
- ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Behavior research methods
- Volume:
- 55
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 1554-3528
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 364-416
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
-
We introduce WebGazer, an online eye tracker that uses common webcams already present in laptops and mobile devices to infer the eye-gaze locations of web visitors on a page in real time. The eye tracking model self-calibrates by watching web visitors interact with the web page and trains a mapping between features of the eye and positions on the screen. This approach aims to provide a natural experience to everyday users that is not restricted to laboratories and highly controlled user studies. WebGazer has two key components: a pupil detector that can be combined with any eye detection library, and a gaze estimator using regression analysis informed by user interactions. We perform a large remote online study and a small in-person study to evaluate WebGazer. The findings show that WebGazer can learn from user interactions and that its accuracy is sufficient for approximating the user's gaze. As part of this paper, we release the first eye tracking library that can be easily integrated in any website for real-time gaze interactions, usability studies, or web research.more » « less
-
Recently, eye-tracking analysis for finding the cognitive load and stress while problem-solving on the whiteboard during a technical interview is finding its way in software engineering society. However, there is no empirical study on analyzing how much the interview setting characteristics affect the eye-movement measurements. Without knowing that, the results of a research on eye-movement measurements analysis for stress detection will not be reliable. In this paper, we analyzed the eye-movements of 11 participants in two interview settings, one on the whiteboard and the other on the paper, to find out if the characteristics of the interview settings affect the analysis of participants' stress. To this end, we applied 7 Machine Learning classification algorithms on three different labeling strategies of the data to suggest researchers of the domain a useful practice of checking the reliability of the eye-measurements before reporting any results.more » « less
-
Blascheck, Tanja ; Bradshaw, Jessica ; Vrzakova, Hana (Ed.)Virtual Reality (VR) technology has advanced to include eye-tracking, allowing novel research, such as investigating how our visual system coordinates eye movements with changes in perceptual depth. The purpose of this study was to examine whether eye tracking could track perceptual depth changes during a visual discrimination task. We derived two depth-dependent variables from eye tracker data: eye vergence angle (EVA) and interpupillary distance (IPD). As hypothesized, our results revealed that shifting gaze from near-to-far depth significantly decreased EVA and increased IPD, while the opposite pattern was observed while shifting from far-to-near. Importantly, the amount of change in these variables tracked closely with relative changes in perceptual depth, and supported the hypothesis that eye tracker data may be used to infer real-time changes in perceptual depth in VR. Our method could be used as a new tool to adaptively render information based on depth and improve the VR user experience.more » « less
-
Evaluating programming proficiency has become more relevant as the demand for coding skills has increased. Current methods, such as questionnaires or interviews, are methods that lack intuition, flexibility, and real-time capabilities. In our work, we investigate eye gaze behavior as an estimate for skill assessment. Specifically, we conducted a study (N=14) using an eye tracker to analyze the participants' abilities to understand source code by presenting them with a series of programs. We evaluated their eye movements based on common eye tracking metrics and identified mutual task-solving strategies among the participants. While we cannot relate these indicators to programming proficiency directly, this study serves as an evaluation of real-time methods for evaluating programming proficiency.more » « less
- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
-
Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01762-8
