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With the growing need for privacy and self-sovereign identity, traditional identity management relying on centralized data registries not only represents single points of failure but also lacks transparency and control over users’ identity information. With the built-in tamper-proofness and transparency, blockchain has been widely studied to accommodate the challenges in traditional identity management. Still, it usually comes with privacy concerns due to its public accessibility. Anonymous credentials take advantage of the recent progress in zero-knowledge proof, allowing the unlinkable presentation of only the necessary attributes for a service to guarantee anonymity. However, the existing anonymous credentials require a secondary issuer to verify and manage the anonymized credentials, which compromises the overall transparency and causes indirect management of the user’s identity. In this paper, we propose GrAC, a blockchain-based identity management system based on a novel identity graph, which allows users and identity providers to securely store and manage identity information on the blockchain without intermediate entities. GrAC also includes an anonymous authentication protocol suite based on zero-knowledge proof, allowing users to generate one-time anonymous credentials that selectively reveal minimal information to the service provider for authentication. The analysis and evaluations show that GrAC has a reasonable overhead and provides adequate anonymity protection while removing the need for intermediate issuers.
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zk-creds: Flexible Anonymous Credentials from zkSNARKs and Existing Identity Infrastructure
Frequently, users on the web need to show that they are, for example, not a robot, old enough to access an age restricted video, or eligible to download an ebook from their local public library without being tracked. Anonymous credentials were developed to address these concerns. However, existing schemes do not handle the realities of deployment or the complexities of real-world identity. Instead, they implicitly make assumptions such as there being an issuing authority for anonymous credentials that, for real applications, requires the local department of motor vehicles to issue sophisticated cryptographic tokens to show users are over 18. In reality, there are multiple trust sources for a given identity attribute, their credentials have distinctively different formats, and many, if not all, issuers are unwilling to adopt new protocols.We present and build zk-creds, a protocol that uses general-purpose zero-knowledge proofs to 1) remove the need for credential issuers to hold signing keys: credentials can be issued to a bulletin board instantiated as a transparency log, Byzantine system, or even a blockchain; 2) convert existing identity documents into anonymous credentials without modifying documents or coordinating with their issuing authority; 3) allow for flexible, composable, and complex identity statements over multiple credentials. Concretely, identity assertions using zk-creds take less than 150ms in a real-world scenario of using a passport to anonymously access age-restricted videos.
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- PAR ID:
- 10439012
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 790 to 808
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Conference Paper:
- https://doi.org/10.1109/SP46215.2023.10179430
