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1. Redlining Maps and Terrains of Sustainability:: Interdisciplinary Mapping of Racialized Redlining to Present-Day Sustainability Agendas in HCI

   https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581491  

   Biggs, Heidi ; Suttles, Shellye ; Bardzell, Shaowen ( April 2023 , ACM)
2. The Legacy of Redlining: A Geo-Spatiotemporal Analysis of Environmental Injustice in Portland, Oregon

   Gunn, W. ; Rao, M. ( December 2021 , Transactions American Geophysical Union)
3. The Legacy of Redlining: A Spatial Dynamics Perspective

   https://doi.org/10.1177/01600176221116566  

   Rey, Sergio Joseph ; Knaap, Elijah ( August 2022 , International Regional Science Review)

   This paper investigates the long-term impacts of the federal Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) mortgage risk assessment maps on the spatial dynamics of recent income and racial distributions in California metropolitan areas over the 1990-2010 period. We combine historical HOLC boundaries with modern Census tract data and apply recently developed methods of spatial distribution dynamics to examine if legacy impacts are reflected in recent urban dynamics. Cities with HOLC assessments are found to have higher levels of isolation segregation than the non-HOLC group, but no difference in unevenness segregation between the two groups of cities are found. We find no difference in income or racial and ethnic distributional dynamics between the two groups of cities over the period. At the intra-urban scale, we find that the intersectionality of residing in a C or D graded tract that is also a low-income tract falls predominately upon the minority populations in these eight HOLC cities. Our findings indicate that neighborhoods with poor housing markets and high minority concentrations rarely experience a dramatic change in either their racial and ethnic or socioeconomic compositions—and that negative externalities (e.g. lower home prices and greater segregation levels) emanate from these neighborhoods, with inertia spilling over into nearby zones.

    

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4. Historical Redlining Is Associated with Disparities in Environmental Quality across California

   https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00870  

   Estien, Cesar O. ; Wilkinson, Christine E. ; Morello-Frosch, Rachel ; Schell, Christopher J. ( January 2024 , Environmental Science & Technology Letters)
5. Geographies of Algorithmic Violence: Redlining the Smart City

   https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12833  

   Safransky, Sara ( November 2019 , International Journal of Urban and Regional Research)

   City governments are embracing data‐driven and algorithmic planning to tackle urban problems. Data‐driven analytics have an unprecedented capacity to call urban futures into being. At the same time, they can depoliticize planning decisions. I argue that this shift calls urban studies scholars to investigate geographies of algorithmic violence—a repetitive and standardized form of violence that contributes to the racialization of space and spatialization of poverty. This article examines this broader phenomenon through the case of a proprietary market value assessment that is being used to guide development in cities across the United States. The assessment employs an algorithm that helps city officials make critical decisions about which neighborhoods to target for investment, disinvestment and public service upgrades or disconnections. I argue that the racial, infrastructural, and epistemological violence associated with this evaluation can potentially lead to a new kind of municipal redlining. The article brings insights from critical race theory into conversation with critical scholarship on algorithms by analyzing how algorithmic violence works through data‐driven planning technologies to depoliticize and leverage power while further entrenching racism and inequality.

    

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