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1. Large-time behavior of solutions of parabolic equations on the real line with convergent initial data III: unstable limit at infinity

   Pauthier, Antoine; Poláčik, Peter (August 2022, Partial Differential Equations and Applications)

   Abstract This is a continuation, and conclusion, of our study of bounded solutions u of the semilinear parabolic equation $$u_t=u_{xx}+f(u)$$ u t = u xx + f ( u ) on the real line whose initial data $$u_0=u(\cdot ,0)$$ u 0 = u ( · , 0 ) have finite limits $$\theta ^\pm $$ θ ± as $$x\rightarrow \pm \infty $$ x → ± ∞ . We assume that f is a locally Lipschitz function on $$\mathbb {R}$$ R satisfying minor nondegeneracy conditions. Our goal is to describe the asymptotic behavior of u ( x ,  t ) as $$t\rightarrow \infty $$ t → ∞ . In the first two parts of this series we mainly considered the cases where either $$\theta ^-\ne \theta ^+$$ θ - ≠ θ + ; or $$\theta ^\pm =\theta _0$$ θ ± = θ 0 and $$f(\theta _0)\ne 0$$ f ( θ 0 ) ≠ 0 ; or else $$\theta ^\pm =\theta _0$$ θ ± = θ 0 , $$f(\theta _0)=0$$ f ( θ 0 ) = 0 , and $$\theta _0$$ θ 0 is a stable equilibrium of the equation $${{\dot{\xi }}}=f(\xi )$$ ξ ˙ = f ( ξ ) . In all these cases we proved that the corresponding solution u is quasiconvergent—if bounded—which is to say that all limit profiles of $$u(\cdot ,t)$$ u ( · , t ) as $$t\rightarrow \infty $$ t → ∞ are steady states. The limit profiles, or accumulation points, are taken in $$L^\infty _{loc}(\mathbb {R})$$ L loc ∞ ( R ) . In the present paper, we take on the case that $$\theta ^\pm =\theta _0$$ θ ± = θ 0 , $$f(\theta _0)=0$$ f ( θ 0 ) = 0 , and $$\theta _0$$ θ 0 is an unstable equilibrium of the equation $${{\dot{\xi }}}=f(\xi )$$ ξ ˙ = f ( ξ ) . Our earlier quasiconvergence theorem in this case involved some restrictive technical conditions on the solution, which we now remove. Our sole condition on $$u(\cdot ,t)$$ u ( · , t ) is that it is nonoscillatory (has only finitely many critical points) at some $$t\ge 0$$ t ≥ 0 . Since it is known that oscillatory bounded solutions are not always quasiconvergent, our result is nearly optimal. 

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2. Some sharp inequalities of Mizohata–Takeuchi-type

   https://doi.org/10.4171/RMI/1463  

   Carbery, Anthony; Iliopoulou, Marina; Wang, Hong (June 2024, Revista Matemática Iberoamericana)

   Let\Sigmabe a strictly convex, compact patch of aC^{2}hypersurface in\mathbb{R}^{n}, with non-vanishing Gaussian curvature and surface measured\sigmainduced by the Lebesgue measure in\mathbb{R}^{n}. The Mizohata–Takeuchi conjecture states that \int |\widehat{g d\sigma}|^{2} w \leq C \|Xw\|_{\infty} \int |g|^{2} for allg\in L^{2}(\Sigma)and all weightsw \colon \mathbb{R}^{n}\rightarrow [0,+\infty), whereXdenotes theX-ray transform. As partial progress towards the conjecture, we show, as a straightforward consequence of recently-established decoupling inequalities, that for every\varepsilon>0, there exists a positive constantC_{\varepsilon}, which depends only on\Sigmaand\varepsilon, such that for allR \geq 1and all weightsw \colon \mathbb{R}^{n}\rightarrow [0,+\infty), we have \int_{B_R}|\widehat{g d\sigma}|^{2} w \leq C_{\varepsilon} R^{\varepsilon} \sup_{T} \Big(\int_{T} w^{(n+1)/2}\Big)^{2/(n+1)}\int |g|^{2}, whereTranges over the family of tubes in\mathbb{R}^{n}of dimensionsR^{1/2}\times \cdots \times R^{1/2}\times R. From this we deduce the Mizohata–Takeuchi conjecture with anR^{(n-1)/(n+1)}-loss; i.e., that \int_{B_R}|\widehat{g d\sigma}|^{2} w \leq C_{\varepsilon} R^{\frac{n-1}{n+1}+ \varepsilon}\|Xw\|_{\infty} \int |g|^{2} for any ballB_{R}of radiusRand any\varepsilon>0. The power(n-1)/(n+1)here cannot be replaced by anything smaller unless properties of\widehat{g d\sigma}beyond ‘decoupling axioms’ are exploited. We also provide estimates which improve this inequality under various conditions on the weight, and discuss some new cases where the conjecture holds. 

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3. Solar neutrino detection sensitivity in DARWIN via electron scattering

   https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-08602-7  

   Aalbers, J.; Agostini, F.; Maouloud, S. E.; Alfonsi, M.; Althueser, L.; Amaro, F. D.; Angevaare, J.; Antochi, V. C.; Antunovic, B.; Aprile, E.; et al (December 2020, The European Physical Journal C)

   Abstract We detail the sensitivity of the proposed liquid xenon DARWIN observatory to solar neutrinos via elastic electron scattering. We find that DARWIN will have the potential to measure the fluxes of five solar neutrino components: pp , $$^7$$ 7 Be, $$^{13}$$ 13 N, $$^{15}$$ 15 O and pep . The precision of the $$^{13}$$ 13 N, $$^{15}$$ 15 O and pep components is hindered by the double-beta decay of $$^{136}$$ 136 Xe and, thus, would benefit from a depleted target. A high-statistics observation of pp neutrinos would allow us to infer the values of the electroweak mixing angle, $$\sin ^2\theta _w$$ sin 2 θ w , and the electron-type neutrino survival probability, $$P_{ee}$$ P ee , in the electron recoil energy region from a few keV up to 200 keV for the first time, with relative precision of 5% and 4%, respectively, with 10 live years of data and a 30 tonne fiducial volume. An observation of pp and $$^7$$ 7 Be neutrinos would constrain the neutrino-inferred solar luminosity down to 0.2%. A combination of all flux measurements would distinguish between the high- (GS98) and low-metallicity (AGS09) solar models with 2.1–2.5 $$\sigma $$ σ significance, independent of external measurements from other experiments or a measurement of $$^8$$ 8 B neutrinos through coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering in DARWIN. Finally, we demonstrate that with a depleted target DARWIN may be sensitive to the neutrino capture process of $$^{131}$$ 131 Xe. 

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4. Instantaneous everywhere-blowup of parabolic SPDEs

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-024-01263-7  

   Foondun, Mohammud; Khoshnevisan, Davar; Nualart, Eulalia (October 2024, Probability Theory and Related Fields)

   Abstract We consider the following stochastic heat equation$$\begin{aligned} \partial _t u(t,x) = \tfrac{1}{2} \partial ^2_x u(t,x) + b(u(t,x)) + \sigma (u(t,x)) {\dot{W}}(t,x), \end{aligned}$$ $\begin{array}{c}{\partial }_{t}u(t,x)=\frac{1}{2}{\partial }_x^{2}u(t,x)+b\left(u(t,x)\right)+\sigma \left(u(t,x)\right)\dot{W}(t,x),\end{array}$defined for$$(t,x)\in (0,\infty )\times {\mathbb {R}}$$ $(t,x)\in (0,\infty )\times R$, where$${\dot{W}}$$ $\dot{W}$denotes space-time white noise. The function$$\sigma $$ $\sigma$is assumed to be positive, bounded, globally Lipschitz, and bounded uniformly away from the origin, and the functionbis assumed to be positive, locally Lipschitz and nondecreasing. We prove that the Osgood condition$$\begin{aligned} \int _1^\infty \frac{\textrm{d}y}{b(y)}<\infty \end{aligned}$$ $\begin{array}{c}{\int }_1^{\infty }\frac{\text{d}y}{b\left(y\right)}<\infty \end{array}$implies that the solution almost surely blows up everywhere and instantaneously, In other words, the Osgood condition ensures that$$\textrm{P}\{ u(t,x)=\infty \quad \hbox { for all } t>0 \hbox { and } x\in {\mathbb {R}}\}=1.$$ $\text{P}\left\{u\right(t,x)=\infty \text{for all}t>0\text{and}x\in R\}=1.$The main ingredients of the proof involve a hitting-time bound for a class of differential inequalities (Remark 3.3), and the study of the spatial growth of stochastic convolutions using techniques from the Malliavin calculus and the Poincaré inequalities that were developed in Chen et al. (Electron J Probab 26:1–37, 2021, J Funct Anal 282(2):109290, 2022). 

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5. Boundary regularity and stability for spaces with Ricci bounded below

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s00222-021-01092-8  

   Bruè, Elia; Naber, Aaron; Semola, Daniele (May 2022, Inventiones mathematicae)

   Abstract This paper studies the structure and stability of boundaries in noncollapsed $${{\,\mathrm{RCD}\,}}(K,N)$$ RCD ( K , N ) spaces, that is, metric-measure spaces $$(X,{\mathsf {d}},{\mathscr {H}}^N)$$ ( X , d , H N ) with Ricci curvature bounded below. Our main structural result is that the boundary $$\partial X$$ ∂ X is homeomorphic to a manifold away from a set of codimension 2, and is $$N-1$$ N - 1 rectifiable. Along the way, we show effective measure bounds on the boundary and its tubular neighborhoods. These results are new even for Gromov–Hausdorff limits $$(M_i^N,{\mathsf {d}}_{g_i},p_i) \rightarrow (X,{\mathsf {d}},p)$$ ( M i N , d g i , p i ) → ( X , d , p ) of smooth manifolds with boundary, and require new techniques beyond those needed to prove the analogous statements for the regular set, in particular when it comes to the manifold structure of the boundary $$\partial X$$ ∂ X . The key local result is an $$\varepsilon $$ ε -regularity theorem, which tells us that if a ball $$B_{2}(p)\subset X$$ B 2 ( p ) ⊂ X is sufficiently close to a half space $$B_{2}(0)\subset {\mathbb {R}}^N_+$$ B 2 ( 0 ) ⊂ R + N in the Gromov–Hausdorff sense, then $$B_1(p)$$ B 1 ( p ) is biHölder to an open set of $${\mathbb {R}}^N_+$$ R + N . In particular, $$\partial X$$ ∂ X is itself homeomorphic to $$B_1(0^{N-1})$$ B 1 ( 0 N - 1 ) near $$B_1(p)$$ B 1 ( p ) . Further, the boundary $$\partial X$$ ∂ X is $$N-1$$ N - 1 rectifiable and the boundary measure "Equation missing" is Ahlfors regular on $$B_1(p)$$ B 1 ( p ) with volume close to the Euclidean volume. Our second collection of results involve the stability of the boundary with respect to noncollapsed mGH convergence $$X_i\rightarrow X$$ X i → X . Specifically, we show a boundary volume convergence which tells us that the $$N-1$$ N - 1 Hausdorff measures on the boundaries converge "Equation missing" to the limit Hausdorff measure on $$\partial X$$ ∂ X . We will see that a consequence of this is that if the $$X_i$$ X i are boundary free then so is X . 

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