Sleep is able to contribute not only to memory consolidation, but also to post‐sleep learning. The notion exists that either synaptic downscaling or another process during sleep increase post‐sleep learning capacity. A correlation between augmentation of the sleep slow oscillation and hippocampal activation at encoding support the contribution of sleep to encoding of declarative memories. In the present study, the effect of closed‐loop acoustic stimulation during an afternoon nap on post‐sleep encoding of two verbal (word pairs, verbal learning and memory test) and non‐verbal (figural pairs) tasks and on electroencephalogram during sleep and learning were investigated in young healthy adults (
Slow‐wave activity (
Nine adults with
During intervals of acoustic stimulation,
Acoustic stimulation delivered during slow‐wave sleep over one night was effective for enhancing
- PAR ID:
- 10460623
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology
- Volume:
- 6
- Issue:
- 7
- ISSN:
- 2328-9503
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- p. 1191-1201
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
more » « less
Summary N = 16). Closed‐loop acoustic stimulation enhanced slow oscillatory and spindle activity, but did not affect encoding at the group level. Subgroup analyses and comparisons with similar studies lead us to the tentative conclusion that further parameters such as time of day and subjects' cognitive ability influenced responses to closed‐loop acoustic stimulation. -
more » « less
Premise Light is critical in the ability of plants to accumulate chlorophyll. When exposed to far‐red (
FR ) light and then grown in white light in the absence of sucrose, wild‐type seedlings fail to green in a response known as theFR block of greening (BOG ). This response is controlled by phytochrome A through repression of protochlorophyllide reductase‐encoding (POR ) genes byFR light coupled with irreversible plastid damage. Sigma (SIG ) factors are nuclear‐encoded proteins that contribute to plant greening and plastid development through regulating gene transcription in chloroplasts and impacting retrograde signaling from the plastid to nucleus.SIG s are regulated by phytochromes, and the expression of someSIG factors is reduced in phytochrome mutant lines, includingphyA . Given the association of phyA with theFR BOG and its regulation ofSIG factors, we investigated the potential regulatory role ofSIG factors in theFR BOG response.Methods We examined
FR BOG responses insig mutants, phytochrome‐deficient lines, and mutant lines for several phy‐associated factors. We quantified chlorophyll levels and examined expression of keyBOG ‐associated genes.Results Among six
sig mutants, only thesig6 mutant significantly accumulated chlorophyll afterFR BOG treatment, similar to thephyA mutant.SIG 6 appears to control protochlorophyllide accumulation by contributing to the regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis associated with glutamyl‐tRNA reductase (HEMA 1) function, select phytochrome‐interacting factor genes (PIF4 andPIF6 ), andPENTA1 , which regulatesPORA mRNA translation afterFR exposure.Conclusions Regulation of
SIG6 plays a significant role in plant responses toFR exposure during theBOG response. -
more » « less
Background Children with the temperament of behavioral inhibition (
BI ) face increased risk for social anxiety. However, not all children withBI develop anxiety symptoms. Inhibitory control (IC ) has been suggested as a moderator of the pathway betweenBI and social anxiety. This study uses longitudinal data to characterize development ofIC and tests the hypothesis thatIC moderates associations between earlyBI and later social anxiety symptoms.Methods Children completed a Go/Nogo task at ages 5, 7, and 10 years as part of a longitudinal study of
BI (measured at 2–3 years) and social anxiety symptoms (measured at 12 years). To assessIC development, response strategy (criterion) and inhibitory performance (d ′) were characterized using signal detection theory. Latent growth models were used to characterize the development ofIC and examine relations amongBI ,IC parameters, and social anxiety symptoms.Results IC response strategy did not change between 5 and 10 years of age, whereasIC performance improved over time.BI scores in toddlerhood predicted neither initial levels (intercept) nor changes (slope) inIC response strategy orIC performance. However, between ages 5 and 10, rate of change inIC performance, but not response strategy, moderated relations betweenBI and later parent‐reported social anxiety symptoms. Specifically, greater age‐related improvements inIC performance predicted higher levels of social anxiety in highBI children.Conclusions IC development in childhood occurs independent ofBI levels. However, rapid increases inIC performance moderate risk for social anxiety symptoms in children withBI . Implications for theory and practice are discussed. -
more » « less
Premise Morphometric analysis is a common approach for comparing and categorizing botanical samples; however, completing a suite of analyses using existing tools may require a multi‐stage, multi‐program process. To facilitate streamlined analysis within a single program, Morphological Analysis of Size and Shape (
MASS ) for leaves was developed. Its utility is demonstrated using exemplar leaf samples fromAcer saccharum ,Malus domestica , andLithospermum .Methods Exemplar samples were obtained from across a single tree (
Acer saccharum ), three trees in the same species (Malus domestica ), and online, digitized herbarium specimens (Lithospermum ).MASS was used to complete simple geometric measurements of samples, such as length and area, as well as geometric morphological analyses including elliptical Fourier and Procrustes analyses. Principal component analysis (PCA ) of data was also completed within the same program.Results MASS is capable of making desired measurements and analyzing traditional morphometric data as well as landmark and outline data.Discussion Using
MASS , differences were observed among leaves of the three studied taxa, but only inMalus domestica were differences statistically significant or correlated with other morphological features. In the future,MASS could be applied for analysis of other two‐dimensional organs and structures.MASS is available for download athttps://github.com/gillianlynnryan/MASS . -
more » « less
Premise Herbarium specimens have been used to detect climate‐induced shifts in flowering time by using the day of year of collection (
DOY ) as a proxy for first or peak flowering date. Variation among herbarium sheets in their phenological status, however, undermines the assumption thatDOY accurately represents any particular phenophase. Ignoring this variation can reduce the explanatory power of pheno‐climatic models (PCM s) designed to predict the effects of climate on flowering date.Methods Here we present a protocol for the phenological scoring of imaged herbarium specimens using an ImageJ plugin, and we introduce a quantitative metric of a specimen's phenological status, the phenological index (
PI ), which we use inPCM s to control for phenological variation among specimens ofStreptanthus tortuosus (Brassicaceeae) when testing for the effects of climate onDOY . We demonstrate that includingPI as an independent variable improves model fit.Results Including
PI inPCM s increased the modelR 2relative toPCM s that excludedPI ; regression coefficients for climatic parameters, however, remained constant.Discussion Our protocol provides a simple, quantitative phenological metric for any observed plant. Including
PI inPCM s increasesR 2and enables predictions of theDOY of any phenophase under any specified climatic conditions.
