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1. Ceramic binder jetting additive manufacturing: Relationships among powder properties, feed region density, and powder bed density

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.05.175  

   Li, Ming; Miao, Guanxiong; Moghadasi, Mohammadamin; Pei, Zhijian; Ma, Chao (September 2021, Ceramics International)
2. Powder-bed additive manufacturing: The effect of layer thickness on powder bed density

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2024.09.110  

   Miao, Guanxiong; Du, Wenchao; Li, Ming; Pei, Zhijian; Ma, Chao (October 2024, Manufacturing Letters)
3. Combining powder bed compaction and nanopowders to improve density in ceramic binder jetting additive manufacturing

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.09.077  

   Moghadasi, Mohammadamin; Miao, Guanxiong; Li, Ming; Pei, Zhijian; Ma, Chao (December 2021, Ceramics International)
4. Noncontact measurement of density and thermal properties of SS 316L powder bed through flash thermography

   https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-01-2024-0049  

   Wang, Shu; Crane, Nathan B (August 2024, Rapid Prototyping Journal)

   PurposePowder bed density is a key parameter in powder bed additive manufacturing (AM) processes but is not easily monitored. This research evaluates the possibility of non-invasively estimating the density of an AM powder bed via its thermal properties measured using flash thermography (FT). Design/methodology/approachThe thermal diffusivity and conductivity of the samples were found by fitting an analytical model to the measured surface temperature after flash of the powder on a polymer substrate, enabling the estimation of the powder bed density. FindingsFT estimated powder bed was within 8% of weight-based density measurements and the inferred thermal properties are consistent with literature findings. However, multiple flashes were necessary to ensure precise measurements due to noise in the experimental data and the similarity of thermal properties between the powder and substrate. Originality/valueThis paper emphasizes the capability of Flash Thermography (FT) for non-contact measurement of SS 316 L powder bed density, offering a pathway to in-situ monitoring for powder bed AM methods including binder jetting (BJ) and powder bed fusion. Despite the limitations of the current approach, the density knowledge and thermal properties measurements have the potential to enhance process development and thermal modeling powder bed AM processes, aiding in understanding the powder packing and thermal behavior. 

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5. Powder contamination during laser powder bed fusion: Inconel 718 in Ti6Al4V

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2024.136465  

   Groden, Cory; Traxel, Kellen D; Bandyopadhyay, Amit (June 2024, Materials Letters)

   Powder contamination during laser powder bed fusion is a critical concern for the quality assurance of parts. Herein, we studied the effect of Inconel 718 contamination on the properties of printed Ti6Al4V, two commonly printed alloys. Contaminated parts exhibited visual and microstructural defects, and a mere 0.5wt% IN718 contamination resulted in a 43% reduction in plastic strain without noticing surface-level cracking. Further contamination of 2.5 wt% IN718 promotes surface cracking that renders the material unable to deform plastically, highlighting the importance of proper powder handling and the detrimental effects that even small amounts of contaminants can have on AM-produced components. 

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