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1. Using Trained Tutors to Improve Mechanical Engineering Technology Student Writing

   Clippinger, D.; Pflueger, R. C.; Nozaki, S.; Bodenhamer, J. (June 2023, American Society for Engineering Education)

   In an earlier work, the authors compared the writing style of Mechanical Engineering Technology (MET) students in an “untutored” state to the writing style of “tutored” students, where the tutoring was provided by “generic” writing center tutors. The results of this study showed that aside from changes in the diction of the students’ work, there was little measurable improvement in the quality of student writing as measured by both the AAC&U VALUE Rubric and by the authors’ voice-development-style-diction method. The current work builds on the results of the previous work by providing training on a just-in-time basis for the writing center tutors. As with previous years, the students participating in the study were MET students in a last-semester capstone industrial design course. This course is organized around a series of open-ended industry-sponsored projects for which the students are expected to develop a solution to a mechanical engineering problem. The students work on the projects in teams of three or four students and complete the work over a two-semester sequence offered annually on a fall-spring basis. The assignment in the study was identical to that of previous years: an “analysis” report in which students are expected to apply content from previous courses to one aspect of the industry-sponsored design project. The present study will compare the results from three iterations of the study: the work of “untutored” students, i.e. those who did not received any writing center assistance whatsoever, those who tutored by “generic” writing center tutors, and lastly, the works of those tutored by tutors specifically trained in support of the specific intervention. In the two cases where tutor interaction occurred, it was required as a component of the course to ensure participation by the entire student cohort. In general, the interactions with the specially-trained tutors produced works with a more mature writing style on the part of the student as compared to those works produced by students who had interacted with the untrained tutors or no tutors at all. The work will also discuss survey data collected on the “generic” and specially-trained tutoring sessions and discuss the differences in the results. Preliminary results show that the specially-trained tutors reported pronounced levels of engagement in the tutoring session, as measured by student note-taking, student questions, student receptiveness to suggestions, and student desire to understand the reasoning behind the tutors’ suggestions. Specially-trained tutors also reported significantly higher levels of student interest suggestions about grammar, style, content, format, and citations. Overall, it is concluded that specific training for the tutors was most associated with increased levels of interaction between tutor and student. As the students in the final group (“trained tutors”) were told prior to the tutoring session that the tutors were “specially trained,” it remains to be determined if the increased interaction was due to better tutor preparation or a higher estimation of the value of the tutoring session on the part of the students receiving the tutoring. This is proposed as an extension to the current work. 

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2. Using Writing Center Peer Tutors as a Means to Improve Mechanical Engineering Technology Student Writing

   Clippinger, David; Pflueger, Ruth C.; Nozaki, Steven (August 2022, ASEE 2022 Annual Conference & Exposition)

   Despite the well-established importance of written communication skills for students in STEM disciplines, the quantitative assessment of STEM writing remains an evolving field. The present work seeks to measure the effectiveness of “generic” writing center tutors on the technical writing skills of senior-level Mechanical Engineering Technology students. A set of nineteen student analysis reports selected from a capstone design course were used as the source of the data. The reports were assessed both before and after a tutoring session using a version of the AAC&U VALUE rubric and a voice-development-style-diction method developed by the authors. By both methods, the improvements in student writing from before the tutoring session to afterwards were marginal at best, with some measures even showing a decrease in performance. The sole exception was that a significant increase in hedging, boosting, and attitude words appeared in the students’ work, indicative of a change in diction. It is concluded that an intervention by a “generically” trained writing center tutor has little effect on the quality of student writing outside of that due to the inclusion of additional adjectives. An intervention by tutors specifically trained using the WATTS methodology is proposed as a means to address this. Such an intervention will be investigated as an extension to the current work. 

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3. THE BELIEFS AND PRACTICES OF GRADUATE STUDENT TUTORS ENGAGED IN ONLINE TUTORING DURING THE PANDEMIC

   Mule’, T; Houston, S.; Piontek, J.; Webb, J.; Harrell-Williams, L. (November 2022, Proceedings of the forty-fourth annual meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education)

   Lischka, A. E.; Dyer, E. B.; Jones, R. S.; Lovett, J. N.; Strayer, J.; & Drown, S. (Ed.)

   Many higher education institutions in the United States provide mathematics tutoring services for undergraduate students. These informal learning experiences generally result in increased final course grades (Byerly & Rickard, 2018; Rickard & Mills, 2018; Xu et al., 2014) and improved student attitudes toward mathematics (Bressoud et al., 2015). In recent years, research has explored the beliefs and practices of undergraduate and, sometimes graduate, peer tutors, both prior to (Bjorkman, 2018; Johns, 2019; Pilgrim et al., 2020) and during the COVID19 pandemic (Gyampoh et al., 2020; Mullen et al., 2021; Van Maaren et al., 2021). Additionally, Burks and James (2019) proposed a framework for Mathematical Knowledge for Tutoring Undergraduate Mathematics adapted from Ball et al. (2008) Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching, highlighting the distinction between tutor and teacher. The current study builds on this body of work on tutors’ beliefs by focusing on mathematical sciences graduate teaching assistants (GTAs) who tutored in an online setting during the 2020-2021 academic year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, this study addresses the following research question: What were the mathematical teaching beliefs and practices of graduate student tutors participating in online tutoring sessions through the mathematics learning center (MLC) during the COVID-19 pandemic? 

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4. Improving Technology Student Critical Thinking Skills Through Trained Writing Tutor Interactions

   https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--47596  

   Clippinger, David; Pflueger, Ruth; Nozaki, Steven (June 2024, ASEE Conferences)

   Senior capstone projects are usually funded by industrial sponsors that present a project which becomes the focus of the students’ efforts. However, all too often, students concentrate on the application of engineering concepts to the project before accurately identifying the true problem to be solved. The resulting designs address the project goals but ultimately fail to solve or sometime even exacerbate the underlying problem. This paper discusses the results of an investigation of an intervention with the potential to improve students’ identification of the optimal designs to the projects posed by sponsors. The intervention represents an extension of research funded by an I-USE NSF Collaborative grant to improve writing support for engineering students on their technical documents by the use of peer writing tutors from non-technical backgrounds, collaboratively trained by engineering faculty and writing tutor supervisors. The project, Writing Assignment Tutor Training in STEM (WATTS), has been conducted in three universities over three years and has demonstrated statistically significant improvement in STEM undergraduate writing after students received tutoring from WATTS-trained tutors. At the beginning of a WATTS tutoring session, students provide an elevator speech to the tutors, summarizing the content of their reports. The researchers hypothesize that the tutors, as a general audience, are more likely to see the problem from a broader perspective than the students working alone. Also, the students must explain the reasoning behind their identification of the problem. Both of these interactions have the potential to enable the students to improve their critical thinking skills in their discipline. WATTS training materials have been adapted to include this aspect of the content of students’ reports. This study is currently being conducted in the first semester of a two-semester mechanical engineering technology senior design course. Results and analysis will be included in the paper. 

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5. Undergraduate Computing Tutors' Perceptions of their Roles, Stressors, and Barriers to Effectiveness

   https://doi.org/10.1145/3641554.3701784  

   Villegas_Molina, Ismael; Kim, Jeannie; Montalvo, Audria; Larragoitia, Apollo; Lim, Rachel S; Guo, Philip J; Krause-Levy, Sophia; Porter, Leo (February 2025, ACM)

   Undergraduate teaching assistants (tutors) are commonly employed in computing courses to help students with programming assignments. Prior research in computing education has reported the benefits of tutoring both for students and for the tutors' own learning. In contrast, recent research that examined actual tutoring sessions has reported that these sessions may be less productive than one might hope, with tutors often just giving students the answers to their problems without trying to teach the underlying concepts. To better understand why tutors may be employing these suboptimal practices, we interviewed ten tutors across early computing courses in higher education to identify their perceived role in these sessions, what stressors and factors influence their ability to perform their job effectively, and what kinds of best practices they learned in their tutor training course. Tutors reported their roles around student learning, gauging student understanding, identifying or providing solutions to students, and providing socioemotional support. They reported their stressors around environmental factors (e.g., number of students waiting to be helped, preparation time, peer-tutor frustrations), internal influences, student behavior, student skill levels, and feeling the need to ''read a student's mind.'' Regarding their tutor training course, Tutors reported learning about interaction guidelines and procedures and question-based problem solving. We conclude by discussing how these results may contribute to the less-effective behaviors seen in prior research and potential ways to improve tutoring in computing courses. 

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