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1. Gender and Help Seeking by Older Adults When Learning New Technologies

   https://doi.org/10.1145/3308561.3353807  

   Franz, Rachel L.; Findlater, Leah; Barbosa Neves, Barbara; Wobbrock, Jacob O. (January 2019, ASSETS '19: The 21st International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility)

   A gender stereotype that has some basis in research is that men are more reluctant to ask for directions than women. We wanted to investigate whether this stereotype applies to technology-related contexts, affecting older adults’ abilities to learn new technologies. To explore how help seeking and gender might relate for older adults, we conducted a controlled experiment with 36 individuals (18 men and 18 women), and observed how often they asked for help when learning new applications. We also conducted post- experiment interviews with participants. We found that although most participants stereotyped older men as being reluctant to ask for help in the interview, the difference between men and women was minimal in the experiment. Instead, other factors had a greater effect: older participants took longer to complete tasks and participants with lower technology self-efficacy asked significantly more questions. 

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2. The Gendered Geography of Contributions to OpenStreetMap: Complexities in Self-Focus Bias

   https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300793  

   Das, Maitraye; Hecht, Brent; Gergle, Darren (January 2019, Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems)

   Millions of people worldwide contribute content to peer production repositories that serve human information needs and provide vital world knowledge to prominent artificial intelligence systems. Yet, extreme gender participation disparities exist in which men significantly outnumber women. A central concern has been that due to self-focus bias, these disparities can lead to corresponding gender content disparities, in which content of interest to men is better represented than content of interest to women. This paper investigates the relationship between participation and content disparities in OpenStreetMap. We replicate findings that women are dramatically under-represented as OSM contributors, and observe that men and women contribute different types of content and do so about different places. However, the character of these differences confound simple narratives about self-focus bias: we find that on a proportional basis, men produced a higher proportion of contributions in feminized spaces compared to women, while women produced a higher proportion of contributions in masculinized spaces compared to men. 

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3. Does gender structure social networks across domains of cooperation? An exploration of gendered networks among matrilineal and patrilineal Mosuo

   https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0436  

   Mattison, Siobhán M.; MacLaren, Neil G.; Sum, Chun-Yi; Shenk, Mary K.; Blumenfield, Tami; Wander, Katherine (January 2023, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences)

   Cooperative networks are essential features of human society. Evolutionary theory hypothesizes that networks are used differently by men and women, yet the bulk of evidence supporting this hypothesis is based on studies conducted in a limited range of contexts and on few domains of cooperation. In this paper, we compare individual-level cooperative networks from two communities in Southwest China that differ systematically in kinship norms and institutions—one matrilineal and one patrilineal—while sharing an ethnic identity. Specifically, we investigate whether network structures differ based on prevailing kinship norms and type of gendered cooperative activity, one woman-centred (preparation of community meals) and one man-centred (farm equipment lending). Our descriptive results show a mixture of ‘feminine’ and ‘masculine’ features in all four networks. The matrilineal meals network stands out in terms of high degree skew. Exponential random graph models reveal a stronger role for geographical proximity in patriliny and a limited role of affinal relatedness across all networks. Our results point to the need to consider domains of cooperative activity alongside gender and cultural context to fully understand variation in how women and men leverage social relationships toward different ends. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives’. 

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4. Quantifying 60 Years of Gender Bias in Biomedical Research with Word Embeddings

   https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.bionlp-1.1  

   Rios, Anthony; Joshi, Reenam; Shin, Hejin (July 2020, Proceedings of the 19th SIGBioMed Workshop on Biomedical Language Processing)

   Gender bias in biomedical research can have an adverse impact on the health of real people. For example, there is evidence that heart disease-related funded research generally focuses on men. Health disparities can form between men and at-risk groups of women (i.e., elderly and low-income) if there is not an equal number of heart disease-related studies for both genders. In this paper, we study temporal bias in biomedical research articles by measuring gender differences in word embeddings. Specifically, we address multiple questions, including, How has gender bias changed over time in biomedical research, and what health-related concepts are the most biased? Overall, we find that traditional gender stereotypes have reduced over time. However, we also find that the embeddings of many medical conditions are as biased today as they were 60 years ago (e.g., concepts related to drug addiction and body dysmorphia). 

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5. Does Shared Gender Group Membership Mitigate the Effect of Implicit Bias Attributions on Accountability for Gender-Based Discrimination?

   https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220965306  

   Daumeyer, Natalie_M; Onyeador, Ivuoma_N; Richeson, Jennifer_A (November 2020, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin)

   Attributing gender discrimination to implicit bias has become increasingly common. However, research suggests that when discrimination is attributed to implicit rather than explicit bias, the perpetrators are held less accountable and deemed less worthy of punishment. The present work examines (a) whether this effect replicates in the domain of gender discrimination, and (b) whether sharing a group membership with the victim moderates the effect. Four studies revealed that both men and women hold perpetrators of gender discrimination less accountable if their behavior is attributed to implicit rather than explicit bias. Moreover, women held male (Studies 1–3), but not female (Study 4), perpetrators of gender discrimination more accountable than did men. Together, these findings suggest that while shared gender group membership may inform judgments of accountability for gender discrimination, it does not weaken the tendency to hold perpetrators less accountable for discrimination attributed to implicit, compared with explicit, bias. 

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