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2. Understanding Organizational Trust of Zoos and Aquariums

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   Rank, Shelley J.; Voiklis, John; Gupta, Rupanwita; Fraser, John R.; Flinner, Kate (January 2018, Understanding the Role of Trust and Credibility in Science Communication.)

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   Zoos and aquariums play a pivotal role in wildlife conservation, including educating the public. Nevertheless, media depictions of Zoos and aquariums that emphasize animal captivity may erode public trust. We report on the first systematic survey of organizational trust in Zoos and aquariums, contrasting how people perceive the current performance of ZAs against people’s expectations for establishing trust. The largest disparities between perceptions and expectations were for items that assessed the ethical integrity of Zoos and aquariums − how well they maintain and communicate about animal welfare. ZAs can fully earn public trust by adjusting their practices and/or their messaging related to ethical integrity. 

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4. Barriers to Discipline: Cultural and Organizational Constraints

   Chiarello, Elizabeth A (March 2021, Annual Health Law Symposium, Saint Louis University School of Law)

   Medical boards are responsible for disciplining physicians who inflict egregious harm on their patients, yet they often fail to do so. This Article develops a cultural and organizational framework for explaining why boards so often fail to discipline physicians. The framework highlights three types of barriers that impede board action: 1) input barriers that prevent hospitals and clinics from reporting harm to boards; 2) processing barriers that prevent boards from taking sufficient action against physicians who do harm; and 3) output barriers that prevent boards from sharing information about physicians who do harm with other disciplinary agencies like other medical boards and law enforcement. The Article demonstrates how the interplay between these barriers reduces the likelihood that boards will discipline physicians who harm patients and also shows how boards behave like other kinds of organizations in similar situations. The Article concludes with a set of solutions to overcoming each type of barrier and explains why an organizational and cultural perspective is essential for identifying gaps between boards’ stated goals and their actions as well as for developing effective solutions. 

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5. Barriers to Discipline: Cultural and Organizational Constraints

   Chiarello, Elizabeth (October 2022, American Society for Bioethics and Humanities)