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Sulfide breakdown during subduction releases oxidizing fluids that transport chalcophile and siderophile elements (CSE) such as Ni ,Co, and As. These fluids are reincorporated into high-pressure rocks such as eclogites during exhumation and rehydration along the slab-mantle interface. Evidence for these rehydration reactions takes the form of large sulfide (pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite) grains (up to 5 mm) associated with hydrous Fe3+-bearing minerals. Here we present results of trace element determination by LA-ICP-MS coupled with mass balance calculations for sulfide-silicate reactions in rehydrated eclogites from the Mariánské Lázně Complex and Moldanubian Zone, Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic. One key texture observed in these rocks is the breakdown of garnet + omphacite in the presence of fluid to produce hornblende + diopside + plagioclase + pyrite. This rehydration reaction involves the oxidation of Fe2+ in garnet to Fe3+ in hornblende. In order to oxidize the iron from the garnet, we propose that sulfate is brought into the rock by an infiltrating fluid, where it is reduced to form pyrite, consistent with the observed textures. Trace element analyses reveal the Co distribution within rehydrated eclogite: Co is measurable in garnet (~50 μg/g), omphacite (~26 μg/g), hornblende (~80 μg/g), and pyrite (~5000 μg/g). Mass balance calculations suggest that of the total amount of Co present in the rehydration products, only ~35 % can be supplied by the breakdown of garnet and omphacite, leaving ~65 % of the Co to be supplied by another source. Average concentrations of Ni are: in garnet (1–4 μg/g), omphacite (~57 μg/g), hornblende (~90 μg/g), and pyrite (~2500 μg/g). Mass balance calculations suggest that of the total amount of Ni present in the rehydration products, ~70 % comes from the breakdown of garnet + omphacite, with the other 30 % supplied external to this reaction. Arsenic is not present in the silicate minerals, but is in the 10s of μg/g range in pyrite, and must be supplied externally to the rock, likely from a fluid. We conclude that the fluids released from subducting slabs carry sulfate and CSEs, which infiltrate the slab-mantle interface and eventually make their way into the sub-arc mantle, where they can be incorporated into the arc magmatic system.
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Rehydration outcomes for freeze-dried red blood cells in reduced gravity
Medical planning for space exploration is based on the “floating” blood bank model to store life-saving red blood cells (RBCs) for emergencies. The “floating” blood bank approach is not sufficient in cases where multiple crewmembers are affected by space anemia. In these situations, long-term preserved RBCs will be vital to guarantee the health and safety of crew members. Transfusable RBC units can only be refrigerated for 42 days or frozen at -80 C. However, storing frozen RBCs at -80 C is challenging during the confined condition of long-duration space flight. Freeze-dried, viable RBCs would be an appropriate alternative because they can be stored without cooling, are predicted to have a shelf-life of years, and could be transfused immediately after rehydration. This study explores if freeze-dried RBCs can be rehydrated and transfused in reduced gravity with similar outcomes in recovery as observed at Earth gravity. Experiments analyzing freeze-dried RBC recoveries, rehydration fluid dynamics, and transfusion flow rates were analyzed utilizing an experimental glovebox in simulated 0 g during parabolic flights. RBC recoveries and rehydration fluid dynamics for volumes of 5 mL and 10 mL were the same in simulated 0 g compared to results obtained at 1 g. A clinically acceptable range of flow rates for slow intravenous infusion and rapid fluid resuscitation was possible with the simple augmentation of a hand-pumped clinical pressure bag around a unit of rehydrated RBCs. The results demonstrate the potential feasibility of using freeze-dried cells for healthcare during deep-space exploration.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1827521
- PAR ID:
- 10478726
- Publisher / Repository:
- Elsevier
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Acta Astronautica
- Volume:
- 214
- Issue:
- C
- ISSN:
- 0094-5765
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 64 to 71
- Subject(s) / Keyword(s):
- Parabolic flight freeze-dried RBCs 0 g fluid dynamics transfusion anhydrobiosis
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.10.006
