Roughly 85% of mammalian herbivore species in southern Kenya were replaced by smaller, more adaptable species at some time between 400,000 years ago (400ka) and 500 ka. While this major taxonomic turnover has been attributed to a shift to more a more arid and variable climate and tectonic activity, we wondered if a particularly abrupt shift, a “tipping point,” in climate at some time between 400 and 500 ka was the cause. We analyzed the highest resolution paleoclimate record available in East Africa, Lake Malawi drill core MAL05-1B, for organic geochemical proxies, including branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) and leaf wax deuterium isotopic records to develop the temperature and precipitation history, respectively, between 600 and 200 ka. Results show an abrupt temperature increase of ~6°C occurring in less than 3000 years during Glacial Termination V, which is the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 12 to MIS 11 transition at ~430 ka. Surprisingly, even more intense warming occurred during Glacial Termination VI around 510 ka. Notably, these deglacial warmings coincide with enriched leaf wax deuterium isotopic values suggesting a shift to more arid conditions in interglacials MIS 13 and 11 than in glacials MIS 14 and 12, respectively. These changes from cold/wet glacials to warm/dry interglacials contrast with the cool/dry pattern of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in East Africa that transitioned to a warm/wet Holocene. We propose that the major warming and drying during Termination V in the Malawi basin represents a significant abrupt change that impacted much of eastern Africa around 430 ka and was a likely driver of the major faunal turnover noted in the region.
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An abrupt temperature and hydroclimate transition in eastern Africa during Termination V
Over the last few million years, Africa’s climate exhibits a long-term drying trend with episodes of high climate variability coinciding with the intensification of glacial-interglacial cycles. Of particular interest, is a shift to drier and more variable conditions noted in the Olorgesailie Formation (Kenya) between 500 and 300 thousand years ago (ka) in which Potts et al. (2018) observed a turnover of ~85% of large-body mammalian fauna to smaller-body related taxa and suggested that the shift was an evolutionary response to better adapt to the changing climate. However, an erosional gap in the Olorgesailie record during this time interval means that the cause of this faunal shift is still an outstanding question. To understand East African climate variability during the Mid-Pleistocene, we analyze Lake Malawi drill core MAL 05–1 (~11ºS, 34ºE) to investigate if a specific climatic event stands out as a possible driver of the dramatic change observed in the East African mammal community. We use organic geochemical proxies including branched glycerol diaklyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs; the MBT′5ME index) andleaf wax carbon and deuterium isotopes to develop high-resolution temperature, vegetation, and precipitation records, respectively, between 600 and 200 ka. Results show an abrupt temperature increase of ~9°C occurring in less than 3000 years during Glacial Termination V, which is the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 12 to MIS 11 transition at ~330 ka. Preliminary leaf wax deuterium isotopic values show an enrichment that coincides with deglacial warmings suggesting a shift to more arid conditions during interglacial than in glacial periods. This change from a cold/wet glacial to a warm/dry interglacial contrast with the cool/dry pattern of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in East Africa which transitioned to a warm/wet Holocene. Leaf wax carbon isotopes are presently being analyzed to understand past shifts in C3 vs C4 vegetation type, which can be related to climatic conditions. We propose that the major warming and drying during Termination V in East Africa represents a significant abrupt change in the climate of eastern Africa and was a likely driver of the major faunal turnover noted in the region.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1903662
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10482180
- Publisher / Repository:
- INQUA (International Union for Quaternary Research)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- XXI INQUA Congress
- Subject(s) / Keyword(s):
- ["Malawi, temperature, hydroclimate, East Africa, GDGT"]
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Location:
- Rome, Italy
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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