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1. IN-SITU BENDING PERFORMANCE OF NANOSTRUCTURED CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES

   https://doi.org/10.12783/asc37/36507  

   KAYNAN, OZGE; FALLAHI, HAMED; JARRAHBASHI, DORRIN; ASADI, AMIR (September 2022, Proceedings Of The American Society for Composites-Thirty-Seventh Technical Conference)

   Depositing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) is challenging because of the need for complicated lab-scale processes and toxic chemical dispersants that makes conventional means of processing less compatible with existing industrial procedures for large-scale applications. In this work, a scalable supercritical CO2-assisted atomization technique is used to effectively deposit hybrid CNTs in CFRPs allowing them to boost their functionality and tailor the microstructure. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are utilized to create hybrid nanostructures with CNTs (CNC bonded CNT) that enables stabilization of CNTs in nontoxic media, i.e., water, and this promotes the scalability of the process. According to Zeta potential values, CNCs successfully stabilize CNTs in water suspension. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs show hybrid CNC bonded CNTs are homogeneously dispersed on the carbon fiber surface. According to the in-situ bending test under the optical microscope, crack propagation is hindered by engineered hybrid CNT nanostructures in the modified CFRP whereas neat CFRP exhibits low crack growth resistance due to the uninterrupted crack propagation in the continuous epoxy matrix. Our results imply that this strategy probes the importance of new controlled manufacturing of hybrid nanostructures through evaporation‑induced self‑assembly of nanocolloidal droplets, and allows for tailoring of the desired properties of nanostructured composites. 

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2. A polyhedral structure controls programmable self-assembly

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-025-03120-3  

   Hübl, Maximilian C; Videbæk, Thomas E; Hayakawa, Daichi; Rogers, W Benjamin; Goodrich, Carl P (February 2026, Nature Physics)

   Abstract Modern experimental methods in programmable self-assembly make it possible to precisely design particle concentrations, shapes and interactions. However, more physical insight is needed before we can take full advantage of this vast design space to assemble nanostructures with complex form and function. Here we show how a substantial part of this design space can be quickly and comprehensively understood by identifying a class of thermodynamic constraints that act on it. These thermodynamic constraints form a high-dimensional convex polyhedron that determines which nanostructures can be assembled at high equilibrium yield and reveals limitations that govern the coexistence of structures. We validate our predictions through detailed, quantitative assembly experiments of nanoscale particles synthesized using DNA origami. Our results uncover physical relationships underpinning many-component programmable self-assembly in equilibrium and form the basis for robust inverse design, applicable to various systems from biological protein complexes to synthetic nanomachines. 

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3. Controlling Assembly of Hybrid DNA Nanostructures into Higher‐Order Structures via Hydrophobicity

   https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202507844  

   Saji, Minu; Perumal, Devanathan; Yang, Qi; Jaekle, Frieder; Zhang, Fei (August 2025, Angewandte Chemie International Edition)

   Abstract Hydrophobic interactions are one of the fundamental driving forces of self‐assembly in living systems. It remains challenging to harness hydrophobicity to have a controllable and programmable assembly of DNA nanostructures. On the other hand, there is also a need to explore orthogonal hierarchical assembly strategies to be used as an additional toolset along with the traditional Watson–Crick base pairing to achieve complex superstructures. In this work, we rationally design and synthesize a series of low molecular weight hydrophobic molecules that are conjugated to single‐stranded DNA strands. By incorporating these modified DNA strands into the precisely defined locations of DNA tiles and origami nanostructures, we achieve controlled hierarchical assembly driven by hydrophobic interaction. We demonstrate a versatile hydrophobicity‐guided higher‐order assembly strategy by employing strategically engineered DNA nanostructures of increasing complexity, ranging from simple DNA tiles to complex origami structures, functionalized with these small hydrophobic molecules as programmable building blocks. 

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4. Frustrated self-assembly of non-Euclidean crystals of nanoparticles

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25139-9  

   Serafin, Francesco; Lu, Jun; Kotov, Nicholas; Sun, Kai; Mao, Xiaoming (December 2021, Nature Communications)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract Self-organized complex structures in nature, e.g., viral capsids, hierarchical biopolymers, and bacterial flagella, offer efficiency, adaptability, robustness, and multi-functionality. Can we program the self-assembly of three-dimensional (3D) complex structures using simple building blocks, and reach similar or higher level of sophistication in engineered materials? Here we present an analytic theory for the self-assembly of polyhedral nanoparticles (NPs) based on their crystal structures in non-Euclidean space. We show that the unavoidable geometrical frustration of these particle shapes, combined with competing attractive and repulsive interparticle interactions, lead to controllable self-assembly of structures of complex order. Applying this theory to tetrahedral NPs, we find high-yield and enantiopure self-assembly of helicoidal ribbons, exhibiting qualitative agreement with experimental observations. We expect that this theory will offer a general framework for the self-assembly of simple polyhedral building blocks into rich complex morphologies with new material capabilities such as tunable optical activity, essential for multiple emerging technologies. 

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5. Hybrid conjugated polymer/magnetic nanoparticle composite nanofibers through cooperative non-covalent interactions

   https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NA00191K  

   Meng, Lingyao; Watson, Brad W.; Qin, Yang (June 2020, Nanoscale Advances)

   null (Ed.)

   Hybrid organic–inorganic composites possessing both electronic and magnetic properties are promising materials for a wide range of applications. Controlled and ordered arrangement of the organic and inorganic components is key for synergistic cooperation toward desired functions. In this work, we report the self-assemblies of core–shell composite nanofibers from conjugated block copolymers and magnetic nanoparticles through the cooperation of orthogonal non-covalent interactions. We show that well-defined core–shell conjugated polymer nanofibers can be obtained through solvent induced self-assembly and polymer crystallization, while hydroxy and pyridine functional groups located at the shell of nanofibers can immobilize magnetic nanoparticles via hydrogen bonding and coordination interactions. These precisely arranged nanostructures possess electronic properties intrinsic to the polymers and are simultaneously responsive to external magnetic fields. We applied these composite nanofibers in organic solar cells and found that these non-covalent interactions led to controlled thin film morphologies containing uniformly dispersed nanoparticles, although high loadings of these inorganic components negatively impact device performance. Our methodology is general and can be utilized to control the spatial distribution of functionalized organic/inorganic building blocks, and the magnetic responsiveness and optoelectronic activities of these nanostructures may lead to new opportunities in energy and electronic applications. 

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