Organic semiconducting donor–acceptor polymers are promising candidates for stretchable electronics owing to their mechanical compliance. However, the effect of the electron‐donating thiophene group on the thermomechanical properties of conjugated polymers has not been carefully studied. Here, thin‐film mechanical properties are investigated for diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐based conjugated polymers with varying numbers of isolated thiophene moieties and sizes of fused thiophene rings in the polymer backbone. Interestingly, it is found that these thiophene units act as an antiplasticizer, where more isolated thiophene rings or bigger fused rings result in an increased glass transition temperature (
This content will become publicly available on March 14, 2025
Flexible electronics have received considerable attention in the past decades due to their promising application in rollable display screens, wearable devices, implantable devices, and other electronic applications. In particular, conjugated polymers are favored for flexible electronics due to their mechanical flexibility and potential for solution‐processed fabrication techniques, such as blade‐coating, roll‐to‐roll printing, and high‐throughput printing allowing for high‐performance transistor devices. Thiophene is the prevailing conjugated unit to construct these conjugated polymers due to its favorable electronic properties. On the other hand, furans are among the few conjugated moieties that are easily derived from bio renewable resources. To promote sustainability, we selectively introduced furan into the conjugated backbone of a high‐mobility polymer scaffold and systematically studied the effect on the microstructure and charge transport. We show that partially and selectively replacing thiophene units with furan can yield nearly comparable performance compared to the all‐thiophene polymer. This strategy offers an improvement in the sustainability of the polymer by incorporating bio‐sourced furan without sacrificing the high‐performance characteristics. Meanwhile, polymers with incorrect or complete furan incorporation show reduced mobilities. This work serves to develop coherent structure–morphology–performance relationships; such knowledge will establish guidelines for the future development of sustainable, furan‐based conjugated materials.
more » « less- PAR ID:
- 10499848
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- ChemSusChem
- Volume:
- 17
- Issue:
- 9
- ISSN:
- 1864-5631
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
more » « less
Abstract T g) of the polymer backbone, and consequently elastic modulus of the respective DPP polymers. Detailed morphological studies suggests that all samples show similar semicrystalline morphology. This antiplasticization effect also exists inpara ‐azaquinodimethane‐based conjugated polymers, indicating that this can be a general trend for various conjugated polymer systems. Using the knowledge gained above, a new DPP‐based polymer with increased alkyl side chain density through attaching alky chains to the thiophene unit is engineered. The new DPP polymer demonstrates a record lowT g, and 50% lower elastic modulus than a reference polymer without side‐chain decorated on the thiophene unit. This work provides a general design rule for making low‐T gconjugated polymers for stretchable electronics. -
null (Ed.)Owing to their excellent mechanical flexibility, mixed-conducting electrical property, and extraordinary chemical turnability, conjugated polymers have been demonstrated to be an ideal bioelectronic interface to deliver therapeutic effect in many different chronic diseases. This review article summarizes the latest advances in implantable electronics using conjugated polymers as electroactive materials and identifies remaining challenges and opportunities for developing electronic medicine. Examples of conjugated polymer-based bioelectronic devices are selectively reviewed in human clinical studies or animal studies with the potential for clinical adoption. The unique properties of conjugated polymers are highlighted and exemplified as potential solutions to address the specific challenges in electronic medicine.more » « less
-
more » « less
Abstract Both the mechanical deformability and electronic conductivity of conjugated polymers play important roles in the development of wearable and stretchable electronics. Despite the recent progress and emphasis on achieving highly stretchable and conductive devices, the correlation between the mechanical and conductive properties is poorly understood and remains mostly empirical. The future of flexible electronics relies on the ability to predict and tune the mechanical and conductive properties such that the molecular design of conjugated polymers can be optimized for various applications. Instead of seeking a direct correlation between mechanical and conductive properties, this Progress Report proposes to examine the common microstructural origin for mechanical performance and charge transport in conjugated polymers. Measurements of microstructural information, such as persistence length, chain entanglement, glass transition, liquid crystalline phase transition, and intercrystalline morphology, are desperately needed in the field of conjugated polymers in order to establish connections with both the mechanical/conductive properties and the chemical structures. Conventional experimental methods in the field of flexible polymer physics, such as linear viscoelastic rheometry, open up new avenues for characterizing these microstructural parameters, thereby providing a path toward predicting and designing the molecular structure of conjugated polymers with desired mechanical and conductive properties.
-
Thermoelectric devices have great potential as a sustainable energy conversion technology to harvest waste heat and perform spot cooling with high reliability. However, most of the thermoelectric devices use toxic and expensive materials, which limits their application. These materials also require high-temperature fabrication processes, limiting their compatibility with flexible, bio-compatible substrate. Printing electronics is an exciting new technique for fabrication that has enabled a wide array of biocompatible and conformable systems. Being able to print thermoelectric devices allows them to be custom made with much lower cost for their specific application. Significant effort has been directed toward utilizing polymers and other bio-friendly materials for low-cost, lightweight, and flexible thermoelectric devices. Fortunately, many of these materials can be printed using low-temperature printing processes, enabling their fabrication on biocompatible substrates. This review aims to report the recent progress in developing high performance thermoelectric inks for various printing techniques. In addition to the usual thermoelectric performance measures, we also consider the attributes of flexibility and the processing temperatures. Finally, recent advancement of printed device structures is discussed which aims to maximize the temperature difference across the junctions.more » « less
-
more » « less
Abstract Conjugated polymers are emerging as promising building blocks for a broad range of modern applications including skin‐like electronics, wearable optoelectronics, and sensory technologies. In the past three decades, the optical and electronic properties of conjugated polymers have been extensively studied, while their thermomechanical properties, especially the glass transition phenomenon which fundamentally represents the polymer chain dynamics, have received much less attention. Currently, there is a lack of design rules that underpin the glass transition temperature of these semirigid conjugated polymers, putting a constraint on the rational polymer design for flexible stretchable devices and stable polymer glass that is needed for the devices’ long‐term morphology stability. In this review article, the glass transition phenomenon for polymers, glass transition theories, and characterization techniques are first discussed. Then previous studies on the glass transition phenomenon of conjugated polymers are reviewed and a few empirical design rules are proposed to fine‐tune the glass transition temperature for conjugated polymers. The review paper is finished with perspectives on future directions on studying the glass transition phenomena of conjugated polymers. The goal of this perspective is to draw attention to challenges and opportunities of controlling, predicting, and designing polymeric semiconductors, specifically to accommodate their end use.
