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   Thacker, Bryan; Glass, Charles; Sharfstein, Susan (July 2021, American pharmaceutical review)

   null (Ed.)

   Recombinant heparin is produced by genetically engineered cells and provides an alternative to the current animal derived heparin. 

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2. Absolute pharmacokinetics of heparin in primates

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120779  

   Song, Yuefan; Kouta, Ahmed; Cera, Lee M.; Xia, Ke; Zhang, Fuming; Kraemer, Roland; Fareed, Jawed; Linhardt, Robert J.; Jeske, Walter (July 2023, Carbohydrate Polymers)
3. Ionically Complexed Nanoparticles for Heparin Oral Delivery

   https://doi.org/10.33218/001c.37505  

   Subramaniam, Bhagyashree; Leonick, Nicole; Gade, Varenya; Frey, David M.; Zhang, Fuming; Linhardt, Robert J.; Gross, Richard A. (January 2022, Precision Nanomedicine)

   Ionically complexed nanoparticles were prepared from an anionic polysaccharide drug, heparin, entrapped by a positively charged chitosan polysaccharide. In this study, the encapsulation of heparin was studied to optimize properties needed for its oral drug delivery. Chitosan, used in a variety of biomedical applications, was selected as a cationic polymer for heparin encapsulation. These particles were prepared with a slightly positive charge and an appropriate size for oral drug delivery. The release profiles of these ionically complexed nanoparticles were improved by using FDA approved stabilizers, such as pluronic non-ionic surfactant and polyvinyl alcohol. These results obtained in vitro suggest that these stabilized, ionically complexed nanoparticles may be well-suited for the oral drug delivery of heparin into the gastrointestinal tract. 

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4. Programmable One-Pot Synthesis of Heparin Pentasaccharide Fondaparinux

   https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01386  

   Dey, Supriya; Lo, Hong-Jay; Wong, Chi-Huey (June 2020, Organic Letters)

   The clinically approved Fondaparinux (Arixtra) has been used for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and acute pulmonary embolism since 2002 and is considered to be better than the low-molecular weight heparin in terms of anticoagulation response, duration of action, and biosafety. However, the synthetic methods previously developed for its manufacture are relatively complicated, thus restricting its extensive use. We report here a potentially scalable and programmable one-pot synthesis of Fondaparinux using the [1,2,2] strategy and designed thioglycosides with well-defined reactivity as building blocks. 

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5. Heparin: An old drug for new clinical applications

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119818  

   Wang, Peipei; Chi, Lianli; Zhang, Zhenqing; Zhao, Hongmei; Zhang, Fuming; Linhardt, Robert J. (November 2022, Carbohydrate Polymers)