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1. The Michigan–Ontario Ozone Source Experiment (MOOSE): An Overview

   https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14111630  

   Olaguer, Eduardo P; Su, Yushan; Stroud, Craig A; Healy, Robert M; Batterman, Stuart A; Yacovitch, Tara I; Chai, Jiajue; Huang, Yaoxian; Parsons, Matthew T (November 2023, Atmosphere)

   The Michigan–Ontario Ozone Source Experiment (MOOSE) is an international air quality field study that took place at the US–Canada Border region in the ozone seasons of 2021 and 2022. MOOSE addressed binational air quality issues stemming from lake breeze phenomena and transboundary transport, as well as local emissions in southeast Michigan and southern Ontario. State-of-the-art scientific techniques applied during MOOSE included the use of multiple advanced mobile laboratories equipped with real-time instrumentation; high-resolution meteorological and air quality models at regional, urban, and neighborhood scales; daily real-time meteorological and air quality forecasts; ground-based and airborne remote sensing; instrumented Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs); isotopic measurements of reactive nitrogen species; chemical fingerprinting; and fine-scale inverse modeling of emission sources. Major results include characterization of southeast Michigan as VOC-limited for local ozone formation; discovery of significant and unaccounted formaldehyde emissions from industrial sources; quantification of methane emissions from landfills and leaking natural gas pipelines; evaluation of solvent emission impacts on local and regional ozone; characterization of the sources of reactive nitrogen and PM2.5; and improvements to modeling practices for meteorological, receptor, and chemical transport models. 

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2. Modeling ozone and atmospheric profiles above a shoreline Lake Michigan site

   Tirado, J. (March 2022, Conference proceedings series American Chemical Society)

   The lake breeze effect along the shoreline of lake Michigan has been attributed to causing high tropospheric ozone concentrations at shoreline locations. The 2021 Wisconsin’s Dynamic Influence of Shoreline Circulation on Ozone (WiscoDISCO-21) campaign involved atmospheric measurements over Chiwaukee Prairie State Natural Area in Southeastern Wisconsin from May 21-26, 2021. Three different platforms were used to collect data on this campaign in addition to the regulatory monitor at this site. Two uncrewed aerial systems (UAS), an M210 multirotor copter and the University of Colorado RAAVEN fixed-wing were flown. The RAAVEN flew between 0 and 500 meters above ground level (m AGL) and measured many atmospheric conditions, the most pertinent being temperature, humidity, and winds. The M210 flew between 0 and 120 m AGL and was equipped with a 2B Technologies Personalized Ozone Monitor (POM) which captured ozone concentrations and an Interment Systems iMET-XQ2 meteorology sensor which captured relative humidity, temperature, and pressure. A Lidar Wind Profiler measured backscatter intensities, wind speeds and direction up to 2000 m AGL. Using data from the RAAVEN, the Wisconsin DNR, and the iMET-XQ2, at least one lake breeze was detected every day of the campaign. The largest lake breezes were detected on May 22, 2021, from 17:00-21:38 UTC and on May 24, 2021, from 14:24-22:51 UTC. The presence of the lake breezes correlated with detected temperature inversions measured from the RAAVEN and high ozone events measured from the M210. Lake breezes were investigated with their relationship to vertical profiles measured on the UAS, ozone concentrations, and marine boundary layer height observed with Doppler Lidar and modeled by the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) meteorological model. 

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3. Sensitivity of Ozone Production to NOx and VOC along the Lake Michigan Coastline

   Vermeuel, Michael P; Novak, Gordon A; Alwe, Hariprasad D; Hughes, Dagen D; Kaleel, Rob; Dickens, Angela F; Kenski, Donna; Czarnetzki, Alan; Stone, Elizabeth A; Stanier, Charles O; et al (September 2019, Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres)

   We report on the sensitivity of enhanced ozone (O3) production, observed during lake breeze circulation along the coastline of Lake Michigan, to the concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We assess the sensitivity of O3 production to NOx and VOC on a high O3 day during the Lake Michigan Ozone Study 2017 (LMOS 2017) using an observationally-constrained chemical box model that implements the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM v3.3.1) and recent emission inventories for NOx and VOCs. The MCM model is coupled to a backward air mass trajectory analysis from a ground supersite in Zion, IL where an extensive series of measurements of O3 precursors and their oxidation products, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric acid (HNO3), and particulate nitrates (NO3-) serve as model constraints. We evaluate the chemical evolution of the Chicago-Gary urban plume as it advects over Lake Michigan and demonstrate how modeled indicators of VOC- vs. NOx- sensitive regimes can be constrained by measurements at the trajectory endpoint. Using the modeled ratio of the instantaneous H2O2 and HNO3 production rates (PH2O2 / PHNO3), we suggest that O3 production over the urban source region is strongly VOC-sensitive and progresses towards a more NOx-sensitive regime as the plume advects north along the Lake Michigan coastline on this day. We also demonstrate that ground-based measurements of the mean concentration ratio of H2O2 to HNO3 describe the sensitivity of O3 production to VOC and NOx as the integral of chemical production along the plume path. 

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4. PM2.5 chemistry, organosulfates, and secondary organic aerosol during the 2017 Lake Michigan Ozone Study

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117939  

   Hughes, Dagen D.; Christiansen, Megan B.; Milani, Alissa; Vermeuel, Michael P.; Novak, Gordon A.; Alwe, Hariprasad D.; Dickens, Angela F.; Pierce, R. Bradley; Millet, Dylan B.; Bertram, Timothy H.; et al (January 2021, Atmospheric Environment)

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5. Evaluation of marine layer characteristics at a Lake Michigan shoreline impacted by high ozone

   Torti, A. (December 2023, Transactions American Geophysical Union)

   The Wisconsin’s Dynamic Influence of Shoreline Circulation on Ozone (WiscoDISCO) campaign involved obtaining atmospheric measurements to create a model of atmospheric layering of a shoreline environment impacted by high concentrations of ozone. During the 2021 and 2022 campaigns, Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UAS) were flown at a Lake Michigan shoreline in southeastern Wisconsin to obtain overwater and overland measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, ozone concentration, and wind speed and direction. Measurements from WiscoDISCO 21 and 22 have been used to characterize the marine layer using height of maximum buoyancy suppression. During WiscoDISCO-21 fixed wing observations and Doppler lidar also provided measurements of winds to higher altitudes (up to 2 km AGL for lidar and 500 m AGL for fixed-wing UAS) such that lake breeze circulation patterns opposing synoptic flow can be characterized by maximum height of easterly winds. Marine layer depth analysis has been compared to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model output of planetary boundary layer heights at locations over water and over land. The marine layer dimensionality, layering of ozone concentrations within inversion, and agreement between observations and HRRR model and will be discussed. 

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