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1. Clinging to the top: natal dispersal tracks climate gradient in a trailing-edge population of a migratory songbird

   https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-024-00470-0  

   Gaya, Heather E; Cooper, Robert J; Delancey, Clayton D; Hepinstall-Cymerman, Jeffrey; Kurimo-Beechuk, Elizabeth A; Lewis, William B; Merker, Samuel A; Chandler, Richard B (December 2024, Movement Ecology)

   Abstract PurposeTrailing-edge populations at the low-latitude, receding edge of a shifting range face high extinction risk from climate change unless they are able to track optimal environmental conditions through dispersal. MethodsWe fit dispersal models to the locations of 3165 individually-marked black-throated blue warblers (Setophaga caerulescens) in the southern Appalachian Mountains in North Carolina, USA from 2002 to 2023. Black-throated blue warbler breeding abundance in this population has remained relatively stable at colder and wetter areas at higher elevations but has declined at warmer and drier areas at lower elevations. ResultsMedian dispersal distance of young warblers was 917 m (range 23–3200 m), and dispersal tended to be directed away from warm and dry locations. In contrast, adults exhibited strong site fidelity between breeding seasons and rarely dispersed more than 100 m (range 10–1300 m). Consequently, adult dispersal kernels were much more compact and symmetric than natal dispersal kernels, suggesting adult dispersal is unlikely a driving force of declines in this population. ConclusionOur findings suggest that directional natal dispersal may mitigate fitness costs for trailing-edge populations by allowing individuals to track changing climate and avoid warming conditions at warm-edge range boundaries. 

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2. Recently Delisted Songbird Harbors Extensive Genomic Evidence of Inbreeding, Potentially Complicating Future Recovery

   https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70052  

   Calderón, Anna María; Wood, Andrew W; Szpiech, Zachary A; Toews, David PL (December 2024, Evolutionary Applications)

   The Kirtland's warbler (Setophaga kirtlandi) is a rare migratory passerine species and habitat specialist of the North American Jack Pine Forests. Their near extinction in the 1970s classified them as endangered and protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. After decades of intense conservation management, their population size recovered, and they were delisted from federal protection in 2019. We explore the genomic consequences of this harsh bottleneck and recovery by comparing the genomic architecture of two closely related species whose population sizes have remained large and stable, Hooded Warblers (Setophaga citrina) and American Redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla). We used whole‐genome sequencing to characterize the distribution of runs of homozygosity and deleterious genetic variation. We find evidence that Kirtland's warblers exhibit genetic patterns consistent with recent inbreeding. Our results also show that Kirtland's warblers carry an excess proportion of deleterious variation, which could complicate management for this conservation‐reliant species. This analysis provides a genetically informed perspective that should be thoroughly considered when delisting other species from federal protections. Through the increasing accessibility of genome sequencing technology, it will be more feasible to monitor the genetic landscape of recovering populations to ensure their long‐term survival independent of conservation intervention. 

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3. Egg translocation across a local range boundary reduces hatch rates in a trailing-edge population of a migratory songbird, Setophaga caerulescens (Black-throated Blue Warbler)

   https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukaf007  

   Merker, Samuel A; Sillett, T Scott; Freeman, Benjamin G; Cooper, Robert J; Chandler, Richard B (April 2025, Ornithology)

   ABSTRACT The abiotic range limitation hypothesis states that species distributions are shaped by physiological constraints imposed by temperature and precipitation. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the impacts of climate on hatch rates by reciprocally translocating complete clutches of both Setophaga caerulescens (Black-throated Blue Warbler) and S. citrina (Hooded Warblers) across a local range boundary of S. caerulescens in the southern Appalachian Mountains. The S. caerulescens population occurs at the trailing edge of its breeding range, whereas the S. citrina population occurs near the core of its range. The hatching probability of S. caerulescens eggs declined from 0.93 ± 0.02 to 0.60 ± 0.07 when moved to S. citrina nests in warmer conditions. Translocation, however, had little effect on hatching probability of S. citrina eggs when moved to S. caerulescens nests in cooler environments. Thirteen reciprocal clutch translocations were performed; 17 clutches were moved as controls; and 49 nests were not manipulated. We monitored species-specific incubation behavior, measured microclimate conditions inside and outside nests using hygrochron iButtons, and examined the effects of temperature and humidity on nestling growth rates. Higher ambient temperatures had a greater effect on hatching probability than did humidity, but we were unable to determine if reduced hatching was caused by changes in temperature, humidity, or their interaction. We suggest that, in warmer conditions, S. caerulescens eggs in S. citrina nests may have been unable to cool sufficiently to avoid excessive water loss due to higher ambient temperatures but not a difference in relative humidity. Our finding that hatch rates of S. caerulescens declined when translocated to warmer conditions supports the hypothesis that distributions of trailing-edge populations are limited in part by climate effects on reproductive rates. 

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4. spAbundance: An R package for single‐species and multi‐species spatially explicit abundance models

   https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.14332  

   Doser, Jeffrey W; Finley, Andrew O; Kéry, Marc; Zipkin, Elise F (June 2024, Methods in Ecology and Evolution)

   Abstract Numerous modelling techniques exist to estimate abundance of plant and animal populations. The most accurate methods account for multiple complexities found in ecological data, such as observational biases, spatial autocorrelation, and species correlations. There is, however, a lack of user‐friendly and computationally efficient software to implement the various models, particularly for large data sets.We developed thespAbundance Rpackage for fitting spatially explicit Bayesian single‐species and multi‐species hierarchical distance sampling models, N‐mixture models, and generalized linear mixed models. The models within the package can account for spatial autocorrelation using Nearest Neighbour Gaussian Processes and accommodate species correlations in multi‐species models using a latent factor approach, which enables model fitting for data sets with large numbers of sites and/or species.We provide three vignettes and three case studies that highlightspAbundancefunctionality. We used spatially explicit multi‐species distance sampling models to estimate density of 16 bird species in Florida, USA, an N‐mixture model to estimate black‐throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens) abundance in New Hampshire, USA, and a spatial linear mixed model to estimate forest above‐ground biomass across the continental USA.spAbundanceprovides a user‐friendly, formula‐based interface to fit a variety of univariate and multivariate spatially explicit abundance models. The package serves as a useful tool for ecologists and conservation practitioners to generate improved inference and predictions on the spatial drivers of abundance in populations and communities. 

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5. Black‐throated blue warblers ( Setophaga caerulescens ) exhibit diet flexibility and track seasonal changes in insect availability

   https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70340  

   Kaiser, Sara A; Forg, Lindsey E; Stillman, Andrew N; Deitsch, John F; Sillett, T Scott; Clucas, Gemma V (September 2024, Ecology and Evolution)

   Abstract Changes in leaf phenology from warming spring and autumn temperatures have lengthened the temperate zone growing “green” season and breeding window for migratory birds in North America. However, the fitness benefits of an extended breeding season will depend, in part, on whether species have sufficient dietary flexibility to accommodate seasonal changes in prey availability. We used fecal DNA metabarcoding to test the hypothesis that seasonal changes in the diets of the insectivorous, migratory black‐throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens) track changes in the availability of arthropod prey at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA. We examined changes across the breeding season and along an elevation gradient encompassing a 2‐week difference in green season length. From 98 fecal samples, we identified 395 taxa from 17 arthropod orders; 242 were identified to species, withCecrita guttivitta(saddled prominent moth),Theridion frondeum(eastern long‐legged cobweaver), andPhilodromus rufus(white‐striped running crab spider) occurring at the highest frequency. We found significant differences in diet composition between survey periods and weak differences among elevation zones. Variance in diet composition was highest late in the season, and diet richness and diversity were highest early in the season. Diet composition was associated with changes in prey availability surveyed over the green season. However, several taxa occurred in diets more or less than expected relative to their frequency of occurrence from survey data, suggesting that prey selection or avoidance sometimes accompanies opportunistic foraging. This study demonstrates that black‐throated blue warblers exhibit diet flexibility and track seasonal changes in prey availability, which has implications for migratory bird responses to climate‐induced changes in insect communities with longer green seasons. 

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