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   https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR59233.2023.00072  

   Mahmud, M Rasel; Cordova, Alberto; Quarles, John (October 2023, IEEE)
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   https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC53108.2024.10782282  

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3. Manipulating dropout reveals an optimal balance of efficiency and robustness in biological and machine visual systems

   Prince, Jacob S; Fajardo, Gabriel; Alvarez, George A; Konkle, Talia (January 2024, International Conference on Learning Representations)

   According to the efficient coding hypothesis, neural populations encode information optimally when representations are high-dimensional and uncorrelated. However, such codes may carry a cost in terms of generalization and robustness. Past empirical studies of early visual cortex (V1) in rodents have suggested that this tradeoff indeed constrains sensory representations. However, it remains unclear whether these insights generalize across the hierarchy of the human visual system, and particularly to object representations in high-level occipitotemporal cortex (OTC). To gain new empirical clarity, here we develop a family of object recognition models with parametrically varying dropout proportion , which induces systematically varying dimensionality of internal responses (while controlling all other inductive biases). We find that increasing dropout produces an increasingly smooth, low-dimensional representational space. Optimal robustness to lesioning is observed at around 70% dropout, after which both accuracy and robustness decline. Representational comparison to large-scale 7T fMRI data from occipitotemporal cortex in the Natural Scenes Dataset reveals that this optimal degree of dropout is also associated with maximal emergent neural predictivity. Finally, using new techniques for achieving denoised estimates of the eigenspectrum of human fMRI responses, we compare the rate of eigenspectrum decay between model and brain feature spaces. We observe that the match between model and brain representations is associated with a common balance between efficiency and robustness in the representational space. These results suggest that varying dropout may reveal an optimal point of balance between the efficiency of high-dimensional codes and the robustness of low dimensional codes in hierarchical vision systems. 

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4. On the Learned Balance Manifold of Underactuated Balance Robots

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5. Investigating Relationships between Balance Confidence and Balance Ability in Older Adults

   https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3214366  

   Thompson, Lara A.; Badache, Mehdi; Brusamolin, Joao Augusto; Savadkoohi, Marzieh; Guise, Jelani; de Paiva, Gabriel Velluto; Suh, Pius; Sanchez Guerrero, Pablo; Shetty, Devdas (November 2021, Journal of Aging Research)

   Mulherkar, Shalaka (Ed.)

   Increasing balance confidence in older individuals is important towards improving their quality of life and reducing activity avoidance. Here, we investigated if balance confidence (perceived ability) and balance performance (ability) in older adults were related to one another and would improve after balance training. The relationship of balance confidence in conjunction with balance performance for varied conditions (such as limiting vision, modifying somatosensory cues, and also base of support) was explored. We sought to determine if balance confidence and ability, as well as their relationship, could change after several weeks of training. Twenty-seven healthy participants were trained for several weeks during standing and walking exercises. In addition, seven participants with a higher risk of imbalance leading to falls (survivors of stroke) were also trained. Prior to and after training, balance ability and confidence were assessed via the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) and Activities Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale, respectively. Both groups showed improvements in balance abilities (i.e., BESS errors significantly decreased after training). Balance confidence was significantly higher in the healthy group than in the stroke group; however, ABC results reflected that balance confidence did not significantly increase after training for each. The correlations between balance ability and balance confidence were explored. Encouragingly, healthy participants displayed a negative correlation between BESS errors and ABC (i.e., enhancements in balance confidence (increases in ABC Scale results) were related to improvements in balance ability (decreases in BESS errors)). For the stroke participants, despite improvements in balance ability, our results showed that there was no relation to balance confidence (i.e., no correlation between BESS errors and ABC) in this group. 

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