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1. Holding Robots Responsible: The Elements of Machine Morality

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.02.008  

   Bigman, Yochanan E.; Waytz, Adam; Alterovitz, Ron; Gray, Kurt (April 2019, Trends in Cognitive Sciences)
2. The origins of morality: Social equality, fairness, and justice

   https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2018.1486612  

   Killen, Melanie (July 2018, Philosophical Psychology)
3. Children deny that God could change morality

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2023.101393  

   Reinecke, Madeline G.; Solomon, Larisa Heiphetz (October 2023, Cognitive Development)

   Can moral rules change? We tested 129 children from the United States to investigate their beliefs about whether God could change widely shared moral propositions (e.g., “it’s not okay to call someone a mean name”), controversial moral propositions (e.g., “it’s not okay to tell a small lie to help someone feel happy”), and physical propositions (e.g., “fire is hotter than snow”). We observed an emerging tendency to report that God's ability to change morality is limited, suggesting that children across development find some widely shared aspects of morality to be impossible to change. Some beliefs did shift over development, however: 4- to 6-year-olds did not distinguish among God’s ability to change widely shared moral, controversial moral, and physical propositions, whereas 7- to 9-year-olds became increasingly confident that God could change physical and controversial moral propositions. Critically, however, younger children and older children alike reported that widely shared aspects of morality could not be altered. According to participants, not even God could change fundamental moral principles. 

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4. Morality in the Mundane: Categorizing Moral Reasoning in Real-Life Social Situations

   https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31415  

   Xi, Ruijie; Singh, Munindar P (May 2024, Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media)

   Moral reasoning reflects how people acquire and apply moral rules in particular situations. With social interactions increasingly happening online, social media provides an unprecedented opportunity to assess in-the-wild moral reasoning. We investigate the commonsense aspects of morality empirically using data from a Reddit subcommunity (i.e., a subreddit), r/AmITheAsshole, where an author describes their behavior in a situation and seeks comments about whether that behavior was appropriate. A commenter judges and provides reasons for whether an author or others’ behaviors were wrong. We focus on the novel problem of understanding the moral reasoning implicit in user comments about the propriety of an author’s behavior. Specifically, we explore associations between the common elements of the indicated rationale and the extractable social factors. Our results suggest that a moral response depends on the author’s gender and the topic of a post. Typical situations and behaviors include expressing anger emotion and using sensible words (e.g., f-ck, hell, and damn) in work-related situations. Moreover, we find that commonly expressed reasons also depend on commenters’ interests. 

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5. A Robot Ethics Dilemma: To Side with Folk Morality or the Experts?

   Borenstein, J.; Arkin, R.C.; Wagner, A. R. (January 2022, 2022 Meeting of the International Association of Computing and Philosophy)