Flood warnings can be communicated through mobile devices and should convey enough information to keep the user safe during a flood situation. However, the amount of detail included in the warning, such as the depth of the flood, may vary. The purpose of this study was to investigate how to best inform drivers of floods to keep them protected. Participants were tasked to drive to a restaurant in a driving simulator after receiving instructions and a type of flood information warning during each scenario (flood, no flood, flood of 6 inches, flood of 6 inches maximum). We found that participants accepted the alternate route more when in a scenario with a flood present compared to the no-flood scenario. These results deepened the understanding of human decisionmaking and can guide future flood warning designs to keep drivers protected from flooded roadways
Flood risk communication is imperative to aiding people’s decision making in flood situations. These warnings can be communicated through navigation applications on mobile devices. The current study investigated how flood-depth information affected drivers’ actions given flood warnings from a mobile navigation application in a driving simulator. This study manipulated the type of flood warning presented to the participants in the driving scenarios and measured their actions given a potentially flooded roadway. Participants experienced six drives with different flood warning conditions. Results indicated that providing flood depth information helped drivers accurately estimate the depth of the flood and their perceived risks; including more detailed information was helpful for drivers to make informed decisions regarding a flooded roadway. We suggest that designers include flood depth information to help drivers accurately perceive the depth and risk regarding a flooded roadway.
more » « less- PAR ID:
- 10532945
- Publisher / Repository:
- SAGE Publications
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
- Volume:
- 68
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 1071-1813
- Format(s):
- Medium: X Size: p. 191-192
- Size(s):
- p. 191-192
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abstract We conduct a stated‐preference choice experiment to reveal motorists' driving‐related behavioral responses to different types of signs indicating that the road is flooded and travel costs associated with avoidance of the flooded road. We use three flood‐indicating visualization treatments and control group to identify the effects of particular road signs and identify associations between drivers' behavior and their demographic characteristics and the cost (time) of taking an alternate route. Using responses from 714 adult participants from the coastal area of the Mid‐Atlantic of the United States, we estimate willingness to drive additional minutes to avoid flooded roads using a random utility framework. Our results suggest that individuals are more likely to avoid flooded roads when shown flood‐indicating road signs that do not indicate the exact depth of the water and signs that indicate that the water is relatively deep (more than 12 in.). We further find that individuals tend to persist in their initial choices. They often make risky choices when high risk‐indicating information is presented at the beginning of the decision‐making process. The results of this study can help inform the sign design choices of transportation managers to help ensure driver safety in flood conditions.
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Abstract Initial research on using crowdsourcing as a collaborative method for helping individuals identify phishing messages has shown promising results. However, the vast majority of crowdsourcing research has focussed on crowdsourced system components broadly and understanding individuals' motivation in contributing to crowdsourced systems. Little research has examined the features of crowdsourced systems that influence whether individuals utilise this information, particularly in the context of warnings for phishing emails. Thus, the present study examined four features related to warnings derived from a mock crowdsourced anti‐phishing warning system that 438 participants were provided to aid in their evaluation of a series of email messages: the number of times an email message was reported as being potentially suspicious, the source of the reports, the accuracy rate of the warnings (based on reports) and the disclosure of the accuracy rate. The results showed that crowdsourcing features work together to encourage warning acceptance and reduce anxiety. Accuracy rate demonstrated the most prominent effects on outcomes related to judgement accuracy, adherence to warning recommendations and anxiety with system use. The results are discussed regarding implications for organisations considering the design and implementation of crowdsourced phishing warning systems that facilitate accurate recommendations.
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Objective The aim of this study is to measure drivers’ attention to preview and their velocity and acceleration tracking error to evaluate two- and three-dimensional displays for following a winding roadway.
Background Display perturbation techniques and Fourier analysis of steering movements can be used to infer drivers’ spatio-temporal distribution of attention to preview. Fourier analysis of tracking error time histories provides measures of position, velocity, and acceleration error.
Method Participants tracked a winding roadway with 1 s of preview in low-fidelity driving simulations. Position and rate-aided vehicle dynamics were paired with top-down and windshield displays of the roadway.
Results For both vehicle dynamics, tracking was smoother with the windshield display. This display emphasizes nearer preview positions and has a closer correspondence to the control-theoretic optimal attentional distributions for these tasks than the top-down display. This correspondence is interpreted as a form of stimulus–response compatibility. The position error and attentional signal-to-noise ratios did not differ between the two displays with position control, but with more complex rate-aided control much higher position error and much lower attentional signal-to-noise ratios occurred with the top-down display.
Conclusion Display-driven influences on the distribution of attention may facilitate tracking with preview when they are similar to optimal attentional distributions derived from control theory.
Application Display perturbation techniques can be used to assess spatially distributed attention to evaluate displays and secondary tasks in the context of driving. This methodology can supplement eye movement measurements to determine what information is guiding drivers’ actions.
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Objective The effectiveness of three types of in-vehicle warnings was assessed in a driving simulator across different noise conditions.
Background Although there has been much research comparing different types of warnings in auditory displays and interfaces, many of these investigations have been conducted in quiet laboratory environments with little to no consideration of background noise. Furthermore, the suitability of some auditory warning types, such as spearcons, as car warnings has not been investigated.
Method Two experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of three auditory warnings (spearcons, text-to-speech, auditory icons) with different types of background noise while participants performed a simulated driving task.
Results Our results showed that both the nature of the background noise and the type of auditory warning influenced warning recognition accuracy and reaction time. Spearcons outperformed text-to-speech warnings in relatively quiet environments, such as in the baseline noise condition where no music or talk-radio was played. However, spearcons were not better than text-to-speech warnings with other background noises. Similarly, the effectiveness of auditory icons as warnings fluctuated across background noise, but, overall, auditory icons were the least efficient of the three warning types.
Conclusion Our results supported that background noise can have an idiosyncratic effect on a warning’s effectiveness and illuminated the need for future research into ameliorating the effects of background noise.
Application This research can be applied to better present warnings based on the anticipated auditory environment in which they will be communicated.
