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1. Highly Sensitive Wearable Sensor Based on (001)-Orientated TiO2 for Real-Time Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine, Tyrosine, and Paracetamol

   https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202312238  

   Zhang, Tianyao; Jia, Zhu; Maowen, Xie; Ke, Meng; Guang, Yao; Taisong, Pan; Min, Gao; Huanyu, Cheng; Yuan, Lin (February 2024, Small)

   The concentration of dopamine (DA) and tyrosine (Tyr) reflects the condition of patients with Parkinson's disease, whereas moderate paracetamol (PA) can help relieve their pain. Therefore, real-time measurements of these bioanalytes have important clinical implications for patients with Parkinson's disease. However, previous sensors suffer from either limited sensitivity or complex fabrication and integration processes. This work introduces a simple and cost-effective method to prepare high-quality, flexible titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films with highly reactive (001)-facets. The as-fabricated TiO2 film supported by a carbon cloth electrode (i.e., TiO2–CC) allows excellent electrochemical specificity and sensitivity to DA (1.390 µA µM−1 cm−2), Tyr (0.126 µA µM−1 cm−2), and PA (0.0841 µA µM−1 cm−2). More importantly, accurate DA concentration in varied pH conditions can be obtained by decoupling them within a single differential pulse voltammetry measurement without additional sensing units. The TiO2–CC electrochemical sensor can be integrated into a smart diaper to detect the trace amount of DA or an integrated skin-interfaced patch with microfluidic sampling and wireless transmission units for real-time detection of the sweat Try and PA concentration. The wearable sensor based on TiO2–CC prepared by facile manufacturing methods holds great potential in the daily health monitoring and care of patients with neurological disorders. 

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2. Structure and Electrochemical Properties of ReS ₂ ‐LaFeO ₃ Nanocomposite for Dopamine Sensing

   https://doi.org/10.1002/adsr.202500024  

   Keelson, Obed Graham; Kumar, Rajeev; Shringi, Amit Kumar; Ouma, Hazel Achieng; Walimbe, Pooja D; Yan, Fei (September 2025, Advanced Sensor Research)

   Abstract This study presents the first investigation of a ReS₂‐LaFeO₃nanocomposite for the electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA). ReS₂‐LaFeO₃nanocomposites (5%, 10%, and 20% ReS₂by weight) are synthesized hydrothermally on porous LaFeO₃nanofibers prepared via electrospinning and annealing. The resulting materials are thoroughly characterized using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Electrochemical DA detection (0.02 µm– 1 mm) is performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and chronoamperometry (CA). The 10 wt.% ReS₂‐LaFeO₃nanocomposite demonstrates exceptional performance, achieving a high sensitivity of 0.191 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻². In comparison, LaFeO₃, 5 wt.% ReS₂‐LaFeO₃, 20 wt.% ReS₂‐LaFeO₃, and pristine ReS₂exhibit limits of detection (LODs) of 281, 357,187, and 120 µm, with corresponding sensitivities of 0.191, 0.156, 0.181, 0.183 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻², respectively. The representative 10 wt.% ReS₂‐LaFeO₃nanocomposite exhibits good selectivity and detection performance, as confirmed by tests with 1 mmconcentrations of common analytes in biological relevant chemicals such as uric acid (UA), sodium chloride (NaCl), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and ascorbic acid (AA). Furthermore, it shows varying response toward other neurotransmitters like epinephrine (EP) ad norepinephrine (NEP). The results of this investigation show that ReS₂decoration on LaFeO₃enhances the nanocomposite's physical, chemical, and electrical properties, leading to improved charge separation and reliable DA sensing in complex biological samples. 

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3. Catalytic TiO ₂ with Self‐Assembled Monolayer for Highly Sensitive, Selective, and Non‐Invasive Monitoring of Sweat L‐Cysteine

   https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202511405  

   Chen, Xiangjie; Zhu, Jia; Shao, Jian; Pan, Taisong; Yao, Guang; Gao, Min; Yang, Jian; Zhao, Rui; Huang, Libin; Li, Tao; et al (January 2026, Advanced Functional Materials)

   Abstract L‐cysteine plays a significant role in numerous physiological processes in the human body health, and monitoring its level has important clinical implications. However, L‐cysteine tests are limited to invasive blood drawing and a time‐consuming laboratory process, which also fails to give real‐time and continuous results. This study introduces a flexible electrochemical sensor based on a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) of 3‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) molecular receptor and catalytic titanium oxide‐modified carbon cloth (MPTS/TiO₂/CC). The MPTS and TiO₂modification serve as the artificial antibody through thiol interactions and the charge transfer layer, respectively, which is further confirmed by density function theory (DFT) calculations. The flexible L‐cysteine sensor based on MPTS/TiO₂/CC shows a wide linear range of up to 500 µmand an ultra‐low limit of detection of 0.046 µm. A sweat patch consisting of an electrochemical sensing unit, a laser‐fabricated microfluidic channel, and a miniaturized electrochemical workstation affords real‐time monitoring of L‐cysteine detection in dynamic environments and reveals the strong correlation between sweat and blood L‐cysteine concentrations. The introduction of molecular receptors and band alignment may offer a general way of designing sensitive, specific electrochemical sensors for point‐of‐care diagnosis. 

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4. Miniaturizing Laser‐Induced Graphene for Biosensors by Spatial Control of Initiation and Side‐Selective Microfabrication on Commercial Polymers

   https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202502433  

   Ghosh, Soumalya; Sahaluddin, Mirza; Abdulhafez, Moataz; Pwint, May Yoon; Cui, Xinyan Tracy; Bedewy, Mostafa (April 2026, Advanced Materials Technologies)

   Fabrication of porous graphene directly on polymers is crucial for many applications of flexible devices, including sensors, supercapacitors, and actuators. While printing methods can be used, they require the creation of inks followed by repeated printing steps and post‐printing annealing. Hence, the one‐step direct‐write nature of the laser‐induced graphene (LIG) process makes it an attractive alternative. Nevertheless, most previous work on LIG relied on continuous‐wave CO₂lasers, which are largely limited to 100sµm resolution. Here, we develop a new approach that leverages a pulsed near‐infrared (NIR) laser. Since polyimide absorbs far less strongly at 1064 nm than at CO₂laser wavelengths, LIG formation is substantially hindered. To overcome this challenge, we introduce a step of ink printing prior to laser patterning. Our approach enables fabricating lines as narrow as 40 µm on either the top or bottom surfaces. We utilize finite element modeling to explain the underlying mechanism of in situ LIG line thinning. This is critical for creating microelectrode arrays on flexible and implantable devices such as neural probes. Finally, we demonstrate high‐sensitivity electrochemical sensing of dopamine for our miniaturized LIG down to 10 nM concentration with sensitivity of 0.369  µA cm⁻² nM⁻¹. 

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5. A Highly Sensitive and Long‐Term Stable Wearable Patch for Continuous Analysis of Biomarkers in Sweat

   https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202306117  

   Lorestani, Farnaz; Zhang, Xianzhe; Abdullah, Abu Musa; Xin, Xin; Liu, Yushen; Rahman, Md Mashfiqur; Biswas, Md_Abu Sayeed; Li, Bowen; Dutta, Ankan; Niu, Zhenyuan; et al (December 2023, Advanced Functional Materials)

   Abstract Although increasing efforts have been devoted to the development of non‐invasive wearable electrochemical sweat sensors for monitoring physiological and metabolic information, most of them still suffer from poor stability and specificity over time and fluctuating temperatures. This study reports the design and fabrication of a long‐term stable and highly sensitive flexible electrochemical sensor based on nanocomposite‐modified porous graphene by facile laser treatment for detecting biomarkers such as glucose in sweat. The laser‐reduced and patterned stable conductive nanocomposite on the porous graphene electrode provides the resulting glucose sensor with an excellent sensitivity of 1317.69 µA mm⁻¹cm⁻²and an ultra‐low limit of detection of 0.079 µm. The sensor can also detect pH and exhibit extraordinary stability to maintain more than 91% sensitivity over 21 days in ambient conditions. Taken together with a temperature sensor based on the same material system, the dual glucose and pH sensor integrated with a flexible microfluidic sweat sampling network further results in accurate continuous on‐body glucose detection calibrated by the simultaneously measured pH and temperature. The low‐cost, highly sensitive, and long‐term stable platform could facilitate the early identification and continuous monitoring of different biomarkers for non‐invasive disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation. 

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