This content will become publicly available on May 1, 2025
The conservation of GOLVEN (GLV)/ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR (RGF) peptide encoding genes across plant genomes capable of forming roots or root‐like structures underscores their potential significance in the terrestrial adaptation of plants. This study investigates the function and role of GOLVEN peptide‐coding genes in
- Award ID(s):
- 2217830
- PAR ID:
- 10541087
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- The Plant Journal
- Volume:
- 118
- Issue:
- 3
- ISSN:
- 0960-7412
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 607 to 625
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
Abstract Legume plants such as soybean produce two major types of root lateral organs, lateral roots and root nodules. A robust computational framework was developed to predict potential gene regulatory networks (GRNs) associated with root lateral organ development in soybean. A genome-scale expression data set was obtained from soybean root nodules and lateral roots and subjected to biclustering using QUBIC (QUalitative BIClustering algorithm). Biclusters and transcription factor (TF) genes with enriched expression in lateral root tissues were converged using different network inference algorithms to predict high-confidence regulatory modules that were repeatedly retrieved in different methods. The ranked combination of results from all different network inference algorithms into one ensemble solution identified 21 GRN modules of 182 co-regulated genes networks, potentially involved in root lateral organ development stages in soybean. The workflow correctly predicted previously known nodule- and lateral root-associated TFs including the expected hierarchical relationships. The results revealed distinct high-confidence GRN modules associated with early nodule development involving AP2, GRF5 and C3H family TFs, and those associated with nodule maturation involving GRAS, LBD41 and ARR18 family TFs. Knowledge from this work supported by experimental validation in the future is expected to help determine key gene targets for biotechnological strategies to optimize nodule formation and enhance nitrogen fixation.more » « less
-
Nodule number regulation in legumes is controlled by a feedback loop that integrates nutrient and rhizobia symbiont status signals to regulate nodule development. Signals from the roots are perceived by shoot receptors, including a CLV1-like receptor-like kinase known as SUNN in Medicago truncatula. In the absence of functional SUNN, the autoregulation feedback loop is disrupted, resulting in hypernodulation. To elucidate early autoregulation mechanisms disrupted in SUNN mutants, we searched for genes with altered expression in the loss-of-function sunn-4 mutant and included the rdn1-2 autoregulation mutant for comparison. We identified constitutively altered expression of small groups of genes in sunn-4 roots and in sunn-4 shoots. All genes with verified roles in nodulation that were induced in wild-type roots during the establishment of nodules were also induced in sunn-4, including autoregulation genes TML2 and TML1. Only an isoflavone-7-O-methyltransferase gene was induced in response to rhizobia in wild-type roots but not induced in sunn-4. In shoot tissues of wild-type, eight rhizobia-responsive genes were identified, including a MYB family transcription factor gene that remained at a baseline level in sunn-4; three genes were induced by rhizobia in shoots of sunn-4 but not wild-type. We cataloged the temporal induction profiles of many small secreted peptide (MtSSP) genes in nodulating root tissues, encompassing members of twenty-four peptide families, including the CLE and IRON MAN families. The discovery that expression of TML2 in roots, a key factor in inhibiting nodulation in response to autoregulation signals, is also triggered in sunn-4 in the section of roots analyzed, suggests that the mechanism of TML regulation of nodulation in M. truncatula may be more complex than published models.more » « less
-
The unique evolutionary adaptation of legumes for nitrogen-fixing symbiosis leading to nodulation is tightly regulated by the host plant. The autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway negatively regulates the number of nodules formed in response to the carbon/nitrogen metabolic status of the shoot and root by long-distance signaling to and from the shoot and root. Central to AON signaling in the shoots of
Medicago truncatula is SUNN, a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase with high sequence similarity with CLAVATA1 (CLV1), part of a class of receptors inArabidopsis involved in regulating stem cell populations in the root and shoot. This class of receptors inArabidopsis includes the BARELY ANY MERISTEM family, which, like CLV1, binds to CLE peptides and interacts with CLV1 to regulate meristem development.M. truncatula contains five members of theBAM family, but onlyMtBAM1 andMtBAM2 are highly expressed in the nodules 48 hours after inoculation. Plants carry mutations in individualMtBAM s, and several doubleBAM mutant combinations all displayed wild-type nodule number phenotypes. However,Mtbam2 suppressed thesunn-5 hypernodulation phenotype and partially rescued the short root length phenotype ofsunn- 5 when present in asunn-5 background. Grafting determined thatbam2 suppresses supernodulation from the roots, regardless of theSUNN status of the root. Overexpression ofMtBAM2 in wild-type plants increases nodule numbers, while overexpression ofMtBAM2 in somesunn mutants rescues the hypernodulation phenotype, but not the hypernodulation phenotypes of AON mutantrdn1-2 orcrn . Relative expression measurements of the nodule transcription factor MtWOX5 downstream of the putativebam2 sunn-5 complex revealed disruption of meristem signaling; while bothbam2 andbam2 sunn-5 influenceMtWOX5 expression, the expression changes are in different directions. We propose a genetic model wherein the specific root interactions of BAM2/SUNN are critical for signaling in nodule meristem cell homeostasis inM. truncatula . -
Summary Despite of important functions of strigolactones (SLs) and karrikins (KARs) in plant development, plant–parasite and plant–fungi interactions, their roles in soybean–rhizobia interaction remain elusive. SL/KAR signaling genes
GmMAX2a, GmD14s, andGmKAIs are activated by rhizobia infection. GmMAX2a restoredatmax2 root hair defects and soybean root hairs were changed inGmMAX2a overexpression (GmMAX2a ‐OE ) or knockdown (GmMAX2a ‐KD ) mutants.GmMAX2a ‐KD gave fewer, whereasGmMAX2a ‐OE produced more nodules than GUS hairy roots. Mutation ofGmMAX2a in itsKD orOE transgenic hairy roots affected the rhizobia infection‐induced increases in early nodulation gene expression. Both mutant hairy roots also displayed the altered auxin, jasmonate and abscisic acid levels, as further verified by transcriptomic analyses of their synthetic genes. Overexpression of an auxin synthetic geneGmYUC2a also affected SL and KAR signaling genes. GmMAX2a physically interacted with SL/KAR receptors GmD14s, GmKAIs, and GmD14Ls with different binding affinities, depending on variations in the critical amino acids, forming active D14/KAI‐SCFMAX2complexes. The knockdown mutant roots of the nodule‐specifically expressingGmKAI s andGmD14L s gave fewer nodules, with altered expression of several early nodulation genes. The expression levels ofGmKAI s, andGmD14L s were markedly changed inGmMAX2a mutant roots, so did their target repressor genesGmD53 s andGmSMAX1 s. Thus, SL and KAR signaling were involved in soybean–rhizobia interaction and nodulation partly through interactions with hormones, and this may explain the different effects of MXA2 orthologs on legume determinate and indeterminate nodulation. The study provides fresh insights into the roles of GmMAX2‐mediated SL/KAR signaling in soybean root hair and nodule formation. -
Nod factors secreted by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are lipo-chitooligosaccharidic signals required for establishment of the nodule symbiosis with legumes. In
Medicago truncatula , the Nod factor hydrolase 1 (MtNFH1) was found to cleave Nod factors ofSinorhizobium meliloti . Here, we report that the class V chitinase MtCHIT5b ofM. truncatula expressed inEscherichia coli can release lipodisaccharides from Nod factors. Analysis ofM. truncatula mutant plants indicated that MtCHIT5b, together with MtNFH1, degradesS. meliloti Nod factors in the rhizosphere.MtCHIT5b expression was induced by treatment of roots with purified Nod factors or inoculation with rhizobia. MtCHIT5b with a fluorescent tag was detected in the infection pocket of root hairs. Nodulation of aMtCHIT5b knockout mutant was not significantly altered whereas overexpression ofMtCHIT5b resulted in fewer nodules. Reduced nodulation was observed whenMtCHIT5b andMtNFH1 were simultaneously silenced in RNA interference experiments. Overall, this study shows that nodule formation ofM. truncatula is regulated by a second Nod factor cleaving hydrolase in addition to MtNFH1.