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1. Multiple paternity and the number of offspring: A model reveals two major groups of species

   https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000247  

   Correia, Hannah E.; Abebe, Ash; Dobson, F. Stephen (January 2021, BioEssays)

   Abstract Parentage analyses via microsatellite markers have revealed multiple paternity within the broods of polytocous species of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates. The widespread phenomenon of multiple paternity may have attending relationships with such evolutionary processes as sexual selection and kin selection. However, just how much multiple paternity should a species exhibit? We developed Bayesian null models of how multiple paternity relates to brood sizes. For each of 114 species with published data on brood sizes and numbers of sires, we compared our null model estimates to published frequencies of multiple paternity. The majority of species fell close to our null model, especially among fish and invertebrate species. Some species, however, had low probabilities of multiple paternity, far from the predictions of the null model, likely due to sexual selection and environmental constraints. We suggest a major division among species’ mating systems between those with close to random mating and high levels of multiple paternity, and those with constraints that produce low levels of multiple paternity. 

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2. Environmental conditions and male quality traits simultaneously explain variation of multiple colour signals in male lizards

   https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13773  

   Badiane, Arnaud; Dupoué, Andréaz; Blaimont, Pauline; Miles, Donald B.; Gilbert, Anthony L.; Leroux‐Coyau, Mathieu; Kawamoto, Anna; Rozen‐Rechels, David; Meylan, Sandrine; Clobert, Jean; et al (August 2022, Journal of Animal Ecology)

   Abstract Male lizards often display multiple pigment‐based and structural colour signals which may reflect various quality traits (e.g. performance, parasitism), with testosterone (T) often mediating these relationships. Furthermore, environmental conditions can explain colour signal variation by affecting processes such as signal efficacy, thermoregulation and camouflage. The relationships between colour signals, male quality traits and environmental factors have often been analysed in isolation, but simultaneous analyses are rare. Thus, the response of multiple colour signals to variation in all these factors in an integrative analysis remains to be investigated.Here, we investigated how multiple colour signals relate to their information content, examined the role of T as a potential mediator of these relationships and how environmental factors explain colour signal variation.We performed an integrative study to examine the covariation between three colour signals (melanin‐based black, carotenoid‐based yellow–orange and structural UV), physiological performance, parasitism, T levels and environmental factors (microclimate, forest cover) in male common lizardsZootoca viviparafrom 13 populations.We found that the three colour signals conveyed information on different aspects of male condition, supporting a multiple message hypothesis. T influenced only parasitism, suggesting that T does not directly mediate the relationships between colour signals and their information content. Moreover, colour signals became more saturated in forested habitats, suggesting an adaptation to degraded light conditions, and became generally brighter in mesic conditions, in contradiction with the thermal melanism hypothesis.We show that distinct individual quality traits and environmental factors simultaneously explain variations of multiple colour signals with different production modes. Our study therefore highlights the complexity of colour signal evolution, involving various sets of selective pressures acting at the same time, but in different ways depending on colour production mechanism. 

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3. When Two Cameras Are a Crowd

   https://doi.org/10.1145/3588998  

   Lee, Jongho; Gupta, Mohit; Krishnaswamy, Bhuvana; Banerjee, Suman (December 2023, Communications of the ACM)

   Understanding and handling interference across multiple active cameras. 

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4. Multiple social identities cloud norm perception: responses to COVID-19 among university aged Republicans and Democrats

   https://doi.org/10.3389/frbhe.2023.1205873  

   Krupka, Erin; Hoover, Hanna; Eckel, Catherine; Rosenblat, Tanya; Ojumu, Oluwagbemiga; Wilson, Rick K. (October 2023, Frontiers in Behavioral Economics)

   Filippos Exadaktylos (Ed.)

   IntroductionMost work on social identity, defined as one's sense of self derived from membership to social groups, focuses on a single identity and its behavioral consequences. But a central insight of social identity theory is that people belong to multiple social groups, derive self-esteem from multiple identities and care to conform to the norms for those identities. However, very little work has turned its attention to understanding when and how multiple social identities interact. We motivate hypotheses with a framework that extends a social identity model to include multiple identities. MethodsUsing a longitudinal sample (N> 600) of university students located primarily in Texas and throughout the US, we use university social identity, and the associated university norms, to characterize COVID related social distancing norms between April and October of 2020 and then unpack how another identity, the student's political identity, impacts perception of those norms. ResultsDespite incentives to do otherwise, we find that beliefs about university norms differ depending on the respondent's political identity. We interpret this as a spillover effect of attitudes from one identity to another. DiscussionWe relate our results back to a model of social identity, to the literature on spillovers where such psychological spillovers are hard to empirically identify, and to methods for future work on identity and spillovers. 

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5. 2dFDR: a new approach to confounder adjustment substantially increases detection power in omics association studies

   https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-021-02418-8  

   Yi, Sangyoon; Zhang, Xianyang; Yang, Lu; Huang, Jinyan; Liu, Yuanhang; Wang, Chen; Schaid, Daniel_J; Chen, Jun (July 2021, Genome Biology)

   Abstract One challenge facing omics association studies is the loss of statistical power when adjusting for confounders and multiple testing. The traditional statistical procedure involves fitting a confounder-adjusted regression model for each omics feature, followed by multiple testing correction. Here we show that the traditional procedure is not optimal and present a new approach, 2dFDR, a two-dimensional false discovery rate control procedure, for powerful confounder adjustment in multiple testing. Through extensive evaluation, we demonstrate that 2dFDR is more powerful than the traditional procedure, and in the presence of strong confounding and weak signals, the power improvement could be more than 100%. 

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