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Title: Observation of Pairwise Level Degeneracies and the Quantum Regime of the Arrhenius Law in a Double-Well Parametric Oscillator

By applying a microwave drive to a specially designed Josephson circuit, we have realized a double-well model system: a Kerr oscillator submitted to a squeezing force. We have observed, for the first time, the spectroscopic fingerprint of a quantum double-well Hamiltonian when its barrier height is increased: a pairwise level kissing (coalescence) corresponding to the exponential reduction of tunnel splitting in the excited states as they sink under the barrier. The discrete levels in the wells also manifest themselves in the activation time across the barrier which, instead of increasing smoothly as a function of the barrier height, presents steps each time a pair of excited states is captured by the wells. This experiment illustrates the quantum regime of Arrhenius’s law, whose observation is made possible here by the unprecedented combination of low dissipation, time-resolved state control, 98.5% quantum nondemolition single shot measurement fidelity, and complete microwave control over all Hamiltonian parameters in the quantum regime. Direct applications to quantum computation and simulation are discussed.

<supplementary-material><permissions><copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year></permissions></supplementary-material></sec> </span> <a href='#' class='show open-abstract' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a> <a href='#' class='hide close-abstract' style='margin-left:10px;'>« less</a> <div style="clear:both;margin-bottom:20px;"></div> <dl class="dl-horizontal small semi-colon-delimited-data"> <dt>Award ID(s):</dt> <dd> <span> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://par.nsf.gov/search/award_ids:2124511"> 2124511</a> </span> </dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small"> <dt>PAR ID:</dt> <dd>10544883</dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small"> <dt>Author(s) / Creator(s):</dt> <dd> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://par.nsf.gov/search/author:"Frattini, Nicholas E""><span class="author" itemprop="author">Frattini, Nicholas E</span></a><span class="sep">; </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://par.nsf.gov/search/author:"Cortiñas, Rodrigo G""><span class="author" itemprop="author">Cortiñas, Rodrigo G</span></a><span class="sep">; </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://par.nsf.gov/search/author:"Venkatraman, Jayameenakshi""><span class="author" itemprop="author">Venkatraman, Jayameenakshi</span></a><span class="sep">; </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://par.nsf.gov/search/author:"Xiao, Xu""><span class="author" itemprop="author">Xiao, Xu</span></a><span class="sep">; </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://par.nsf.gov/search/author:"Su, Qile""><span class="author" itemprop="author">Su, Qile</span></a><span class="sep">; </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://par.nsf.gov/search/author:"Lei, Chan U""><span class="author" itemprop="author">Lei, Chan U</span></a><span class="sep">; </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://par.nsf.gov/search/author:"Chapman, Benjamin J""><span class="author" itemprop="author">Chapman, Benjamin J</span></a><span class="sep">; </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://par.nsf.gov/search/author:"Joshi, Vidul R""><span class="author" itemprop="author">Joshi, Vidul R</span></a><span class="sep">; </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://par.nsf.gov/search/author:"Girvin, S M""><span class="author" itemprop="author">Girvin, S M</span></a><span class="sep">; </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://par.nsf.gov/search/author:"Schoelkopf, Robert J""><span class="author" itemprop="author">Schoelkopf, Robert J</span></a><span class="sep">; </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://par.nsf.gov/search/author:"Puri, Shruti""><span class="author" itemprop="author">Puri, Shruti</span></a><span class="sep">; </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://par.nsf.gov/search/author:"Devoret, Michel H""><span class="author" itemprop="author">Devoret, Michel H</span></a></dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small"> <dt>Publisher / Repository:</dt> <dd itemprop="publisher">AIP Publisher</dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small"> <dt>Date Published:</dt> <dd> <time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2024-09-01">2024-09-01</time> </dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small"> <dt>Journal Name:</dt> <dd>Physical Review X</dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small"> <dt>Volume:</dt> <dd>14</dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small"> <dt>Issue:</dt> <dd>3</dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small"> <dt>ISSN:</dt> <dd>2160-3308</dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small"> <dt>Format(s):</dt> <dd>Medium: X</dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small semi-colon-delimited-data"> <dt>Sponsoring Org:</dt> <dd itemprop="sourceOrganization"> <span>National Science Foundation</span> </dd> </dl> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div id="citation-addl" class="hidden-print"> <h5 id='mlt-header'>More Like this</h5> <ol class="item-list documents" id="citation-mlt" style="min-height: 80px;"> <li> <div class="article item document" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/TechArticle"> <div class="item-info"> <div class="title"> <a href="https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10529385-deterministic-generation-qudit-photonic-graph-states-from-quantum-emitters" itemprop="url"> <span class='span-link' itemprop="name">Deterministic Generation of Qudit Photonic Graph States from Quantum Emitters</span> </a> </div> <div> <strong> <a class="misc external-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.5.020346" target="_blank" title="Link to document DOI">https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.5.020346  <span class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></span></a> </strong> </div> <div class="metadata"> <span class="authors"> <span class="author" itemprop="author">Raissi, Zahra</span> <span class="sep">; 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Retrieved from https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10544883. <em>Physical Review X</em> 14.3 Web. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031040. </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-default" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> </div></li> <li class="links-format"><a href="#cite-apa" data-toggle="modal">APA</a> <div id="cite-apa" class="modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="cite-apa_label" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button> <strong id="cite-apa_label">Cite: APA Format</strong> </div> <div class="modal-body">Frattini, Nicholas E, Cortiñas, Rodrigo G, Venkatraman, Jayameenakshi, Xiao, Xu, Su, Qile, Lei, Chan U, Chapman, Benjamin J, Joshi, Vidul R, Girvin, S M, Schoelkopf, Robert J, Puri, Shruti, & Devoret, Michel H. <em>Observation of Pairwise Level Degeneracies and the Quantum Regime of the Arrhenius Law in a Double-Well Parametric Oscillator</em>. <em>Physical Review X</em>, <em>14</em> (3). Retrieved from https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10544883. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031040">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031040</a> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-default" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> </div></li> <li class="links-format"><a href="#cite-chi" data-toggle="modal">Chicago</a> <div id="cite-chi" class="modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="cite-chi_label" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button> <strong id="cite-chi_label">Cite: Chicago Format</strong> </div> <div class="modal-body">Frattini, Nicholas E, Cortiñas, Rodrigo G, Venkatraman, Jayameenakshi, Xiao, Xu, Su, Qile, Lei, Chan U, Chapman, Benjamin J, Joshi, Vidul R, Girvin, S M, Schoelkopf, Robert J, Puri, Shruti, and Devoret, Michel H. "Observation of Pairwise Level Degeneracies and the Quantum Regime of the Arrhenius Law in a Double-Well Parametric Oscillator". <em>Physical Review X</em> 14 (3). Country unknown/Code not available: AIP Publisher. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031040">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031040.</a> <a href="https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10544883">https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10544883</a>. </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-default" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> </div></li> <li class="links-format"><a href="#cite-bib" data-toggle="modal">BibTeX</a> <div id="cite-bib" class="modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="cite-bib_label" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button> <strong id="cite-bib_label">Cite: BibTeX Format</strong> </div> <div class="modal-body"> @article{osti_10544883,<br/> place = {Country unknown/Code not available}, title = {Observation of Pairwise Level Degeneracies and the Quantum Regime of the Arrhenius Law in a Double-Well Parametric Oscillator}, url = {https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10544883}, DOI = {10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031040}, abstractNote = {By applying a microwave drive to a specially designed Josephson circuit, we have realized a double-well model system: a Kerr oscillator submitted to a squeezing force. We have observed, for the first time, the spectroscopic fingerprint of a quantum double-well Hamiltonian when its barrier height is increased: a pairwise level kissing (coalescence) corresponding to the exponential reduction of tunnel splitting in the excited states as they sink under the barrier. The discrete levels in the wells also manifest themselves in the activation time across the barrier which, instead of increasing smoothly as a function of the barrier height, presents steps each time a pair of excited states is captured by the wells. This experiment illustrates the quantum regime of Arrhenius’s law, whose observation is made possible here by the unprecedented combination of low dissipation, time-resolved state control, 98.5% quantum nondemolition single shot measurement fidelity, and complete microwave control over all Hamiltonian parameters in the quantum regime. Direct applications to quantum computation and simulation are discussed. Published by the American Physical Society2024}, journal = {Physical Review X}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, publisher = {AIP Publisher}, author = {Frattini, Nicholas E and Cortiñas, Rodrigo G and Venkatraman, Jayameenakshi and Xiao, Xu and Su, Qile and Lei, Chan U and Chapman, Benjamin J and Joshi, Vidul R and Girvin, S M and Schoelkopf, Robert J and Puri, Shruti and Devoret, Michel H}, }</div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-default" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> </div></li> <li class="divider"></li> </ul> <ul class="nav nav-list" style="font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial Regular;"> <li class="nav-header header-format">Export Metadata</li> <li class="links-format"><a href="https://par.nsf.gov/endnote?osti_id=10544883">EndNote</a></li> <li class="links-format"><a href="https://par.nsf.gov/export/format:excel/osti-id:10544883">Excel</a></li> <li class="links-format"><a href="https://par.nsf.gov/export/format:csv/osti-id:10544883">CSV</a></li> <li class="links-format"><a href="https://par.nsf.gov/export/format:xml/osti-id:10544883">XML</a></li> <li class="divider"></li> </ul> <ul class="nav nav-list" style="font-size: 14px; 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