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Explicit construction of Penrose diagrams for black hole to white hole transition with spacelike thin shells
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A recently proposed oxidative damage protection mechanism in proteins relies on hole hopping escape routes formed by redox-active amino acids. We present a computational tool to identify the dominant charge hopping pathways through these residues based on the mean residence times of the transferring charge along these hopping pathways. The residence times are estimated by combining a kinetic model with well-known rates expressions for the charge-transfer steps in the pathways. We identify the most rapid hole hopping pathways escape routes in cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450 BM3 ), cytochrome c peroxidase (Ccp1), and benzylsuccinate synthase (BSS). This theoretical analysis supports the existence of hole-hopping chains as a mechanism capable of supporting hole escape from protein catalytic sites on biologically relevant timescales. Furthermore, we find that pathways involving the [4Fe4S] cluster as the terminal hole acceptor in BSS are accessible on the millisecond timescale, suggesting a potential protective role of redox-active cofactors for preventing protein oxidative damage.more » « less
