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1. GazeXR: A generally eye-tracking system enabling invariable gaze data in virtual environment

   https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77599-5_4  

   Lenart, C. (January 2021, Virtual, augmented and mixed reality)

   J. Y. C., Chen (Ed.)

   Controlling and standardizing experiments is imperative for quantitative research methods. With the increase in the availability and quantity of low-cost eye-tracking devices, gaze data are considered as an important user input for quantitative analysis in many social science research areas, especially incorporating with virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies. This poses new challenges in providing a default interface for gaze data in a common method. This paper propose GazeXR, which focuses on designing a general eye-tracking system interfacing two eye-tracking devices and creating a hardware independent virtual environment. We apply GazeXR to the in-class teaching experience analysis use case using external eye-tracking hardware to collect the gaze data for the gaze track analysis. 

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2. Scan-based eye tracking measures are predictive of workload transition performance

   Shannon P Devlin, Noelle L (November 2022, Applied Ergonomics)

   Given there is no unifying theory or design guidance for workload transitions, this work investigated how visual attention allocation patterns could inform both topics, by understanding if scan-based eye tracking metrics could predict workload transition performance trends in a context-relevant domain. The eye movements of sixty Naval flight students were tracked as workload transitioned at a slow, medium, and fast pace in an unmanned aerial vehicle testbed. Four scan-based metrics were significant predictors across the different growth curve models of response time and accuracy. Stationary gaze entropy (a measure of how dispersed visual attention transitions are across tasks) was predictive across all three transition rates. The other three predictive scan-based metrics captured different aspects of visual attention, including its spread, directness, and duration. The findings specify several missing details in both theory and design guidance, which is unprecedented, and serves as a basis of future workload transition research. 

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3. Scan-based eye tracking measures are predictive of workload transition performance

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103829  

   Devlin, S.P; Brown, N.L.; Drollinger, S.; Sibley, C.; Alami, J.; Riggs, S.L. (November 2022, Applied Ergonomics)

   Given there is no unifying theory or design guidance for workload transitions, this work investigated how visual attention allocation patterns could inform both topics, by understanding if scan-based eye tracking metrics could predict workload transition performance trends in a context-relevant domain. The eye movements of sixty Naval flight students were tracked as workload transitioned at a slow, medium, and fast pace in an unmanned aerial vehicle testbed. Four scan-based metrics were significant predictors across the different growth curve models of response time and accuracy. Stationary gaze entropy (a measure of how dispersed visual attention transitions are across tasks) was predictive across all three transition rates. The other three predictive scan-based metrics captured different aspects of visual attention, including its spread, directness, and duration. The findings specify several missing details in both theory and design guidance, which is unprecedented, and serves as a basis of future workload transition research. 

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4. The Eye in Extended Reality: A Survey on Gaze Interaction and Eye Tracking in Head-worn Extended Reality

   https://doi.org/10.1145/3491207  

   Plopski, Alexander; Hirzle, Teresa; Norouzi, Nahal; Qian, Long; Bruder, Gerd; Langlotz, Tobias (April 2023, ACM Computing Surveys)

   With innovations in the field of gaze and eye tracking, a new concentration of research in the area of gaze-tracked systems and user interfaces has formed in the field of Extended Reality (XR). Eye trackers are being used to explore novel forms of spatial human–computer interaction, to understand human attention and behavior, and to test expectations and human responses. In this article, we review gaze interaction and eye tracking research related to XR that has been published since 1985, which includes a total of 215 publications. We outline efforts to apply eye gaze for direct interaction with virtual content and design of attentive interfaces that adapt the presented content based on eye gaze behavior and discuss how eye gaze has been utilized to improve collaboration in XR. We outline trends and novel directions and discuss representative high-impact papers in detail. 

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5. Effects of Workload and Workload Transitions on Attention Allocation in a Dual-Task Environment: Evidence From Eye Tracking Metrics

   https://doi.org/10.1177/1555343419892184  

   Moacdieh, Nadine_Marie; Devlin, Shannon_P; Jundi, Hussein; Riggs, Sara_Lu (January 2020, Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making)

   High mental workload, in addition to changes in workload, can negatively affect operators, but it is not clear how sudden versus gradual workload transitions influence performance and visual attention allocation. This knowledge is important as sudden shifts in workload are common in multitasking domains. The objective of this study was to investigate, using performance and eye tracking metrics, how constant versus variable levels of workload affect operators in the context of a dual-task paradigm. An unmanned aerial vehicle command and control simulation varied task load between low, high, gradually transitioning from low to high, and suddenly transitioning from low to high. Performance on a primary and secondary task and several eye tracking measures were calculated. There was no significant difference between sudden and gradual workload transitions in terms of performance or attention allocation overall; however, both sudden and gradual workload transitions changed participants’ strategy in dealing with the primary and secondary task as compared to low/high workload. Also, eye tracking metrics that are not frequently used, such as transition rate and stationary entropy, provided more insight into performance differences. These metrics can potentially be used to better understand operators’ strategies and could form the basis of an adaptive display. 

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