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Shared-gaze visualizations (SGV) allow collocated collaborators to understand each other's attention and intentions while working jointly in an augmented reality setting. However, prior work has overlooked user control and privacy over how gaze information can be shared between collaborators. In this work, we examine two methods for visualizing shared-gaze between collaborators: gaze-hover and gaze-trigger. We compare the methods with existing solutions through a paired-user evaluation study in which participants participate in a virtual assembly task. Finally, we contribute an understanding of user perceptions, preferences, and design implications of shared-gaze visualizations in augmented reality.
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This content will become publicly available on January 10, 2026
EyeDraw: Investigating the Perceived Effects of Shared Gaze on Remote Collaborative Drawing
Shared gaze, where collaborators can see each other's point of gaze visualized on their screen in real time, is a novel non-verbal mechanism that augments remote collaborations and increases shared awareness and common grounding. While past studies have focused on well-structured tasks and analyzed task performance and efficiency, our study explores the domain of collaborative drawing for recreational purposes and focuses on collaborators' own perceptions. We surveyed 75 users of online collaborative drawing platforms who mostly drew collaboratively for recreation and artistic growth; they reported the importance of communication but also of retaining individual space despite the collaborative setting. Informed by this and prior research on shared gaze, we evaluate collaboration by allowing two collaborators to draw synchronously on a shared canvas and share their point of gaze. We conducted a study with 24 pairs that drew collaboratively under all combinations of shared gaze and voice communication. Combining voice and shared gaze was perceived to reach the best balance between tightly coupled collaboration and parallel individual execution. Shared gaze led to higher spatial awareness and less turn-taking was observed in conditions that shared gaze was present. Surprisingly, many participants found the lack of any communication medium to afford the highest degree of divergent thinking. Our findings provide guidelines for adaptive tools that consider individual preferences as well as the nature of the task to better support remote collaborations that are open-ended and prize creativity.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1948517
- PAR ID:
- 10566675
- Publisher / Repository:
- Association of Computing Machinery
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
- Volume:
- 9
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 2573-0142
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1 to 24
- Subject(s) / Keyword(s):
- Eye tracking shared gaze collaborative drawing
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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