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1. Site U1562

   Parnell-Turner, RE; Briais, A; LeVay, LJ; Cui, Y; Di_Chiara, A; Dodd, JP; Dunkley_Jones, T; Dwyer, D; Eason, DE; Friedman, SA; et al (January 2025, Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition reports)

   Site U1562 is located on Björn drift, on the eastern flank of the Reykjanes Ridge in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is located ~12 km east of Site U1554 (Figures F1, F2) on a basement high at the eastern edge of the main drift deposit. Site U1562 is located on crustal V-shaped ridge (VSR) 3, which is associated with a high in the free-air gravity anomaly, whereas Site U1554 is located on V-shaped trough (VST) 2b. Site U1562 sits on ocean crust with an age of 13.86 Ma estimated from magnetic anomalies. 

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2. Site U1563

   Parnell-Turner, RE; Briais, A; LeVay, LJ; Cui, Y; Di_Chiara, A; Dodd, JP; Dunkley_Jones, T; Dwyer, D; Eason, DE; Friedman, SA; et al (January 2025, Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition reports)

   The Reykjanes Ridge flanks host a series of crustal V-shaped ridges (VSRs) and V-shaped troughs (VSTs) (Figure F1) whose origins are debated. Expedition 384, 395C, and 395 sites comprise a crustal flow line transect across the eastern flank of Reykjanes Ridge and one site on its western flank on the conjugate flow line. The sites sample two pairs of VSR/VST structures. Crustal ages at site locations on the eastern flank of the slow-spreading Reykjanes Ridge are estimated to range 2.8–32 Ma; the site located to the west, near the Greenland margin, has an estimated basement age of 49 Ma. This range of ages provides a unique opportunity to quantify the timing and extent of hydrothermal fluid–rock exchange on a slow-spreading ridge flank that experienced rapid sedimentation and variations in tectonic architecture. Finally, the rapidly accumulated contourite drift sediments at these sites have the potential to record variations in past climate and ocean circulation on millennial timescales. 

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3. Expedition 395 summary

   Parnell-Turner, RE; Briais, A; LeVay, LJ; Cui, Y; Di_Chiara, A; Dodd, JP; Dunkley_Jones, T; Dwyer, D; Eason, DE; Friedman, SA; et al (January 2025, Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition reports)

   The intersection between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Iceland hotspot provides a natural laboratory where the composition and dynamics of Earth's upper mantle can be observed. Plume-ridge interaction drives variations in the melting regime, which result in a range of crustal types, including a series of V-shaped ridges (VSRs) and V-shaped troughs (VSTs) located south of Iceland. Mantle upwelling beneath Iceland dynamically supports regional bathymetry, and its variations may lead to changes in the height of oceanic gateways, which in turn control the flow of deep water on geologic timescales. Expeditions 384, 395C, and 395 recovered extensive successions of basaltic crust and thick (up to 1.3 km) overlying sediment cover, including successions through a number of contourite drifts of regional significance. Major, trace, and isotope geochemistry of basalts recovered during these expeditions will provide insight into spatial and temporal variations in mantle melting processes. Such analyses will provide data for testing the hypothesis that the Iceland plume thermally pulses on two timescales (5–10 and ~30 Ma), leading to fundamental changes in crustal architecture. This idea will be tested against alternative hypotheses involving propagating rifts and buoyant mantle upwelling. The rapidly accumulated sediments of contourite drifts have the potential to yield exceptional millennial-scale paleoceanographic records, including proxies for current strength, which is thought to be modulated by the dynamic support of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge, an oceanic gateway of global import. The recovered sediments also provide a record of subarctic climate change stretching back to the latest Eocene, including the long-term evolution of the Greenland ice sheet, critical intervals of Miocene and Pliocene warmth, the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation, and Pleistocene millennial-scale variability. The objectives of Expeditions 395, 395C, and 384 are to explore the relationships between deep Earth processes, ocean circulation, and climate. These objectives were addressed by recovering sediment and basement cores from six sites, completed across three expeditions. Sites U1555 and U1563 are located at a VST/VSR pair nearest to the Reykjanes Ridge, on ~2.8 and 5.2 My old crust, respectively. Sites U1554 and U1562 are located in Björn drift above a VST/VSR pair, on ~12.4 and 14.2 My old crust, respectively. Site U1564 is located in Gardar drift above 32.4 My old oceanic crust that is devoid of V-shaped features. Finally, Site U1602 is located on the eastern Greenland margin above crust that is estimated to be Eocene in age and thus formed during the initial separation of Greenland from Scandinavia. Considered together, the sediments, basalts, and vast array of measurements collected during Expeditions 395, 395C, and 384 will provide a major advance in our understanding of mantle dynamics and the linked nature of Earth's interior, oceans, and climate. 

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4. Reykjanes Mantle Convection and Climate

   https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.395.2025  

   Parnell-Turner, RE; Briais, A; LeVay, LJ (January 2025, Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition reports)

   The intersection between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Iceland hotspot provides a natural laboratory where the composition and dynamics of Earth's upper mantle can be observed. Plume-ridge interaction drives variations in the melting regime, which result in a range of crustal types, including a series of V-shaped ridges (VSRs) and V-shaped troughs (VSTs) located south of Iceland. Mantle upwelling beneath Iceland dynamically supports regional bathymetry, and its variations may lead to changes in the height of oceanic gateways, which in turn control the flow of deep water on geologic timescales. Expeditions 384, 395C, and 395 recovered extensive successions of basaltic crust and thick (up to 1.3 km) overlying sediment cover, including successions through a number of contourite drifts of regional significance. Major, trace, and isotope geochemistry of basalts recovered during these expeditions will provide insight into spatial and temporal variations in mantle melting processes. Such analyses will provide data for testing the hypothesis that the Iceland plume thermally pulses on two timescales (5–10 and ~30 Ma), leading to fundamental changes in crustal architecture. This idea will be tested against alternative hypotheses involving propagating rifts and buoyant mantle upwelling. The rapidly accumulated sediments of contourite drifts have the potential to yield exceptional millennial-scale paleoceanographic records, including proxies for current strength, which is thought to be modulated by the dynamic support of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge, an oceanic gateway of global import. The recovered sediments also provide a record of subarctic climate change stretching back to the latest Eocene, including the long-term evolution of the Greenland ice sheet, critical intervals of Miocene and Pliocene warmth, the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation, and Pleistocene millennial-scale variability. The objectives of Expeditions 395, 395C, and 384 are to explore the relationships between deep Earth processes, ocean circulation, and climate. These objectives were addressed by recovering sediment and basement cores from six sites, completed across three expeditions. Sites U1555 and U1563 are located at a VST/VSR pair nearest to the Reykjanes Ridge, on ~2.8 and 5.2 My old crust, respectively. Sites U1554 and U1562 are located in Björn drift above a VST/VSR pair, on ~12.4 and 14.2 My old crust, respectively. Site U1564 is located in Gardar drift above 32.4 My old oceanic crust that is devoid of V-shaped features. Finally, Site U1602 is located on the eastern Greenland margin above crust that is estimated to be Eocene in age and thus formed during the initial separation of Greenland from Scandinavia. Considered together, the sediments, basalts, and vast array of measurements collected during Expeditions 395, 395C, and 384 will provide a major advance in our understanding of mantle dynamics and the linked nature of Earth's interior, oceans, and climate. 

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5. Expedition 395C Preliminary Report: Reykjanes Mantle Convection and Climate: Crustal Objectives

   https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.pr.395C.2022  

    Parnell-Turner, R.; Briais, A.; LeVay, L.J. (February 2022, Preliminary report)

   The five primary sites proposed for International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 395, which was postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic, were cored during IODP Expedition 395C. The Expedition 395C operations, shipboard measurements, and sampling were adjusted to account for the absence of a sailing science party. The Expedition 395/395C objectives are (1) to investigate temporal variations in ocean crust generation at the Reykjanes Ridge and test hypotheses for the influence of Iceland mantle plume fluctuations on these processes, (2) to analyze sedimentation rates at the Björn and Gardar contourite drifts, as proxies for Cenozoic variations of North Atlantic deepwater circulation, and for uplift and subsidence of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge gateway related to plume activity, and (3) to analyze the alteration of oceanic crust and its interaction with seawater and sediments. During Expedition 395C, basalt cores were collected at four sites: U1554, U1555, U1562, and U1563. Sediment cores were also collected from these sites as well as from Site U1564, and casing was installed to 602 m at Site U1554. The amount of recovered cores, their preliminary descriptions, and the analyses of shipboard samples show that the results of Expedition 395C will fulfill a significant part of the Expedition 395 objectives. Basalts were collected from two V-shaped ridge and trough pairs, which will allow the investigation of the variability in mantle source and temperature causing this ridge/trough pattern. Basalt cores span an expected age range of 2.8–13.9 Ma, which will allow us to investigate the hydrothermal weathering processes. Sediments from the Björn drift were cored to basement, along with the uppermost 600 m of sediments from the Gardar drift. The data provided by Expedition 395C are a major advancement in achieving the work of Expedition 395. 

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