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For many years now, modern software is known to be developed in multiple languages (hence termed asmultilingualormulti-languagesoftware). Yet, to date, we still only have very limited knowledge about how multilingual software systems are constructed. For instance, it is not yet really clear how different languages are used, selected together, and why they have been so in multilingual software development. Given the fact that using multiple languages in a single software project has become a norm, understanding language use and selection (i.e.,language profile) as a basic element of themultilingual constructionin contemporary software engineering is an essential first step. In this article, we set out to fill this gap with a large-scale characterization study on language use and selection in open-source multilingual software. We start with presentingan updated overviewof language use in 7,113 GitHub projects spanning the 5 past years by characterizing overall statistics of language profiles, followed bya deeper lookinto the functionality relevance/justification of language selection in these projects through association rule mining. We proceed with an evolutionary characterization of 1,000 GitHub projects for each of the 10 past years to providea longitudinal viewof how language use and selection have changed over the years, as well as how the association between functionality and language selection has been evolving. Among many other findings, our study revealed a growing trend of using three to five languages in one multilingual software project and the noticeable stableness of top language selections. We found a non-trivial association between language selection and certain functionality domains, which was less stable than that with individual languages over time. In a historical context, we also have observed major shifts in these characteristics of multilingual systems both in contrast to earlier peer studies and along the evolutionary timeline. Our findings offer essential knowledge on the multilingual construction in modern software development. Based on our results, we also provide insights and actionable suggestions for both researchers and developers of multilingual systems.
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Does Mobility Drive Language Use? A Dual‐Spatialization Perspective
ABSTRACT Multilingualism refers to a phenomenon where individuals routinely use three or more languages. Spatial processes, such as mobility, may shape the outcome of multilingual linguistic behaviors but are considerably under‐explored. We evaluate the effect of mobility on language use in the framework of dual spatialization in a small‐scale multilingual society. We use a footpath network to characterize mobility in absolute space, and a language network to characterize language use in relational space; we then assess the correspondence between the two networks. Redundancy analysis and thek‐means method are used to support the research goal. We found a high correspondence between mobility and language use. The results identify the absence of regional “centers of gravity” as a distinctive feature in language use, as mobility has fostered local clusters of language use. Conceptually, this study showcases the power of dual spatialization in understanding the mechanisms underlying the space–language connection.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1761639
- PAR ID:
- 10573033
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Transactions in GIS
- Volume:
- 28
- Issue:
- 8
- ISSN:
- 1361-1682
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 2763 to 2774
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.13267
