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4. Synthesis of thin film infinite-layer nickelates by atomic hydrogen reduction: Clarifying the role of the capping layer

   https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0197304  

   Parzyck, C_T; Anil, V.; Wu, Y.; Goodge, B_H; Roddy, M.; Kourkoutis, L_F; Schlom, D_G; Shen, K_M (March 2024, APL Materials)

   We present an integrated procedure for the synthesis of infinite-layer nickelates using molecular-beam epitaxy with gas-phase reduction by atomic hydrogen. We first discuss challenges in the growth and characterization of perovskite NdNiO3/SrTiO3, arising from post growth crack formation in stoichiometric films. We then detail a procedure for fully reducing NdNiO3 films to the infinite-layer phase, NdNiO2, using atomic hydrogen; the resulting films display excellent structural quality, smooth surfaces, and lower residual resistivities than films reduced by other methods. We utilize the in situ nature of this technique to investigate the role that SrTiO3 capping layers play in the reduction process, illustrating their importance in preventing the formation of secondary phases at the exposed nickelate surface. A comparative bulk- and surface-sensitive study indicates that the formation of a polycrystalline crust on the film surface serves to limit the reduction process. 

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5. The South American Tropopause Aerosol Layer (SATAL)

   https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0074.1  

   Bresciani, Caroline; Herdies, Dirceu Luis; Figueroa, Silvio Nilo; Buchard, Virginie; da Silva, Arlindo M.; Jones, Charles; Carvalho, Leila M. (January 2024, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society)

   Abstract The presence of an aerosol layer in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) in South America was identified with the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2). This layer, which we shall refer to as the South American tropopause aerosol layer (SATAL), was identified over the Amazon basin at altitudes between 11 and 14 km. It exhibits a seasonal behavior similar to the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL) and the North American tropopause aerosol layer (NATAL). The SATAL is observed from October to March, coinciding with the presence of the South American monsoon. It forms first in the eastern Amazon basin in October, then moves to the southern Amazon, where it weakens in December–January and finally dissipates in February–March. We hypothesize that two main factors influence the SATAL formation in the UT/LS: 1) the source of aerosols from Africa and 2) the updraft mass flux from deep convective systems during the active phase of the South American monsoon system that transports aerosols to the UT/LS. Further satellite observations of aerosols and field campaigns are needed to provide useful information to find the origin and composition of the aerosols in the UT/LS during the South American monsoon. 

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