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1. Lead and lead isotopes in the U.S. GEOTRACES East Pacific zonal transect (GEOTRACES GP16)

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103892  

   Boyle, Edward A.; Zurbrick, Cheryl; Lee, Jong-Mi; Till, Ralph; Till, Claire P.; Zhang, Jing; Flegal, A. Russell (December 2020, Marine Chemistry)

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2. Lead-adsorbing ionogel-based encapsulation for impact-resistant, stable, and lead-safe perovskite modules

   https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi8249  

   Xiao, Xun; Wang, Meixiang; Chen, Shangshang; Zhang, Yihang; Gu, Hangyu; Deng, Yehao; Yang, Guang; Fei, Chengbin; Chen, Bo; Lin, Yuze; et al (October 2021, Science Advances)

   Despite the high-efficiency and low-cost prospect for perovskite solar cells, great concerns of lead toxicity and instability remain for this technology. Here, we report an encapsulation strategy for perovskite modules based on lead-adsorbing ionogel, which prevents lead leakage and withstand long-term stability tests. The ionogel layers integrated on both sides of modules enhance impact resistance. The self-healable ionogel can prevent water permeation into the perovskite layer and adsorb lead that might leak. The encapsulated devices pass the damp heat and thermal cycling accelerated stability tests according to International Electrotechnical Commission 61215 standard. The ionogel encapsulation reduces lead leakage to undetectable level after the hail-damaged module is soaked in water for 24 hours. Even being rolled over by a car followed by water soaking for 45 days, the ionogel encapsulation reduces lead leakage by three orders of magnitude. This work provides a strategy to simultaneously address lead leakage and stability for perovskite modules. 

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3. Pan-European atmospheric lead pollution, enhanced blood lead levels, and cognitive decline from Roman-era mining and smelting

   https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2419630121  

   McConnell, Joseph R; Chellman, Nathan J; Plach, Andreas; Wensman, Sophia M; Plunkett, Gill; Stohl, Andreas; Smith, Nicole-Kristine; Møllesøe_Vinther, Bo; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Steffensen, Jørgen Peder; et al (January 2025, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)

   Ancient texts and archaeological evidence indicate substantial lead exposure during antiquity that potentially impacted human health. Although lead exposure routes were many and included the use of glazed tablewares, paints, cosmetics, and even intentional ingestion, the most significant for the nonelite, rural majority of the population may have been through background air pollution from mining and smelting of silver and lead ores that underpinned the Roman economy. Here, we determined potential health effects of this air pollution using Arctic ice core measurements of Roman-era lead pollution, atmospheric modeling, and modern epidemiology-based relationships between air concentrations, blood lead levels (BLLs), and cognitive decline. Findings suggest air lead concentrations exceeded 150 ng/m³near metallurgical emission sources, with average enhancements of >1.0 ng/m³over Europe during the Pax Romana apogee of the Roman Empire. The result was blood lead enhancements in young children of about 2.4 µg/dl above an estimated Neolithic background of 1.0 µg/dl, leading to widespread cognitive decline including a 2.5-to-3 point reduction in intelligence quotient throughout the Roman Empire. 

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4. Analysis of Lead Carboxylates and Lead-Containing Pigments in Oil Paintings by Solid- State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

   https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.707  

   Catalano, Jaclyn; Yao, Yao; Murphy, Anna; Zumbulyadis, Nicholas; Centeno, Silvia A.; Dybowski, Cecil (January 2014, MRS Proceedings)
5. Comparative evaluation of lead emissions and toxicity potential in the life cycle of lead halide perovskite photovoltaics

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.141  

   Billen, Pieter; Leccisi, Enrica; Dastidar, Subham; Li, Siming; Lobaton, Liliana; Spatari, Sabrina; Fafarman, Aaron T.; Fthenakis, Vasilis M.; Baxter, Jason B. (January 2019, Energy)