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1. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange for the analysis of carbohydrates

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2023.108859  

   Hatvany, Jacob B.; Gallagher, Elyssia S. (August 2023, Carbohydrate Research)

   Carbohydrates and glycans are integral to many biological processes, including cell-cell recognition and energy storage. However, carbohydrates are often difficult to analyze due to the high degree of isomerism present. One method being developed to distinguish these isomeric species is hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). In HDX-MS, carbohydrates are exposed to a deuterated reagent and the functional groups with labile hydrogen atoms, including hydroxyls and amides, exchange with the 1 amu heavier isotope, deuterium. These labels can then be detected by MS, which monitors the mass increase with the addition of D-labels. The observed rate of exchange is dependent on the exchanging functional group, the accessibility of the exchanging functional group, and the presence of hydrogen bonds. Herein, we discuss how HDX has been applied in the solution-phase, gas-phase, and during MS ionization to label carbohydrates and glycans. Additionally, we compare differences in the conformations that are labeled, the labeling timeframes, and applications of each of these methods. Finally, we comment on future opportunities for development and use of HDX-MS to analyze glycans and glycoconjugates. 

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2. Protein Structure Prediction from NMR Hydrogen–Deuterium Exchange Data

   https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00077  

   Marzolf, Daniel R.; Seffernick, Justin T.; Lindert, Steffen (April 2021, Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation)
3. Ion-neutral clustering alters gas-phase hydrogen–deuterium exchange rates

   https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CP04388B  

   Schramm, Haley M.; Tamadate, Tomoya; Hogan, Christopher J.; Clowers, Brian H. (February 2023, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics)

   The rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions that occur at a phase boundary often differ considerably from chemical behavior in bulk solution, but remain difficult to quantify. Ion–neutral interactions are one such class of chemical reactions whose behavior during the nascent stages of solvation differs from bulk solution while occupying critical roles in aerosol formation, atmospheric chemistry, and gas-phase ion separations. Through a gas-phase ion separation technique utilizing a counter-current flow of deuterated vapor, we quantify the degree of hydrogen–deuterium exchange (HDX) and ion–neutral clustering on a series of model chemical systems ( i.e. amino acids). By simultaneously quantifying the degree of vapor association and HDX, the effects of cluster formation on reaction kinetics are realized. These results imply that cluster formation cannot be ignored when modeling complex nucleation processes and biopolymer structural dynamics. 

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4. Distinguishing Carbohydrate Isomers with Rapid Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange-Mass Spectrometry

   https://doi.org/10.1021/jasms.0c00314  

   Liyanage, O. Tara; Quintero, Ana V.; Hatvany, Jacob B.; Gallagher, Elyssia S. (January 2021, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry)

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5. Complementarity of Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry and Cryo-Electron Microscopy

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2020.05.005  

   Engen, John R.; Komives, Elizabeth A. (May 2020, Trends in Biochemical Sciences)