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We present a review of superlubricity: the state of ultra-low friction between surfaces in relative motion. Various approaches to achieving this state are considered in a broad sense, including structural superlubricity, superlubricity via normal force control, and contact actuation, as well as thermolubricity, liquid superlubricity, and quantum lubricity. An overview of the physical fundamentals associated with each approach is presented, with particular emphasis on recent theoretical and experimental developments that constitute milestones in our scientific understanding. The review also includes a discussion of perspectives on future research in the context of existing challenges. It is projected that interest in superlubricity from the basic science and engineering communities will continue to accelerate in the near future, accompanied by a transition from fundamental studies to technologically relevant applications.
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This content will become publicly available on April 14, 2026
Scaling‐Up of Structural Superlubricity: Challenges and Opportunities
Abstract Structural superlubricity (SSL) at layered material interfaces is an exciting and vibrant field of research, offering vast opportunities to achieve ultralow friction and wear with numerous potential technological applications. At increasing length‐scales, new physical and chemical energy dissipation pathways emerge that threaten to push the system out of the superlubric regime. Physical inhibitors of SSL are primarily associated with in‐plane elasticity, out‐of‐plane corrugation, moiré superlattices, grain boundaries, and lattice defects. Chemical mechanisms that may suppress superlubric behavior include interlayer bonding, wear, and external contaminants. In this article, these and other challenges are reviewed facing the scaling‐up of structural superlubricity, as reflected in recent experimental and theoretical studies. Further perspectives are offered on future directions for realizing and manipulating macroscale superlubricity, outlining technological opportunities that it entails.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2323452
- PAR ID:
- 10616714
- Publisher / Repository:
- Willey
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Advanced Functional Materials
- ISSN:
- 1616-301X
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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