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Abstract Young associations provide a record that traces the star formation process, and the youngest populations connect progenitor gas dynamics to the resulting stellar populations. We therefore conduct the first comprehensive overview of the Circinus Complex, an understudied and massive (∼1500M⊙) region consisting of approximately 3100 recently formed stars alongside the Circinus Molecular Cloud. We find a clear age pattern in the contiguous central region (CirCe), where younger stars are found farther from the massive central cluster, and where the velocities are consistent with uniform expansion. By comparing this structure to an analogous STARFORGE simulation, we find that the age structure and dynamics of the association are consistent with star formation in two stages: the global collapse of the parent cloud that builds the 500M⊙central cluster ASCC 79, followed by triggered star formation in a shell swept up after the first massive stars form. We also find that filaments with a range of distances from the central cluster can naturally produce multigenerational age sequences due to differences in feedback strength and exposure. Outlying populations show velocities consistent with formation independent from the CirCe region, but with similar enough velocities that they may be difficult to distinguish from one another later in their expansion. We therefore provide a new alternative view of sequential star formation that relies on feedback from a single central cluster rather than the multiple sequential generations that are traditionally invoked, while also providing insight into the star formation history of older populations.
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This content will become publicly available on May 16, 2026
The Herbig–Haro Outflow Content and Star-forming Environment of Circinus West and East
Abstract We report the results of a spatially compete, high-sensitivity survey for Herbig–Haro (HH) outflows in the Western and Eastern Circinus molecular clouds. We have detected 28 new HH objects in Circinus West, doubling the number known in this dark nebula. We have also discovered nine outflows in Circinus East, the first to be identified here. Although both Circinus West and East appear to be located at ∼800 pc, their morphologies are distinct. Circinus West shows filamentary structure, while Circinus East is dominated by amorphous dark clouds. North–East of Circinus East, an extended distribution of young stars is centered on the ∼6 Myr old open cluster ASCC 79, which may have triggered the sequential formation of younger surrounding populations. New transverse velocities from Gaia show two dynamically distinct stellar populations in Circinus East; their velocity distribution is consistent with an active cloud-cloud collision between material ejected by the formation of O and B stars in ASCC 79, and a dynamically similar interloping cloud. Given the similar distances to Circinus West and East, and the presence in both of HH objects—a phenomenon associated with stellar ages of ∼1 Myr—it is likely that these clouds are nominally related, but only Circinus East is subject to substantial feedback from the central cluster in the parent complex. This feedback appears to guide the morphology and evolution of Circinus East, resulting in a complex and possibly disruptive dynamical environment rich in star-formation potential that contrasts with the relatively quiescent environment in Circinus West.
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- PAR ID:
- 10618637
- Publisher / Repository:
- IOP Press
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- The Astronomical Journal
- Volume:
- 169
- Issue:
- 6
- ISSN:
- 0004-6256
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 313
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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