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1. Drosophila Retinal Patterning

   https://doi.org/10.1038/npg.els.0001511  

   Spencer, Susan A; Johnson, Ruth I; Setu, Bipul (January 2020, Encyclopedia of life sciences)

   The Drosophila eye is an outstanding model system for exploring fundamental mechanisms of growth and development. The adult eye is composed of a perfect hexagonal lattice of ∼750 unit eyes, or ommatidia, each containing precisely 20 well-characterized cells. The eye develops from the eye/antennal imaginal disc, a flattened epithelial sac. During larval and pupal development, cells in the disc grow and undergo compartmentalisation, cell cycle arrest, differentiation, directed movement, and apoptosis, all utilising gene networks and signalling pathways similar to those in vertebrates. The genetic accessibility of Drosophila, together with the precision of eye development, makes the fly retina an extremely useful system with which to investigate the roles of genes and signalling pathways in development. 

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2. Nanometer-Scale Precision Polymer Patterning of PDMS: Multiscale Insights into Patterning Efficiency Using Alkyldiynamines

   https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c04534  

   Shi, Anni; Singh, Anamika; Williams, Laura O.; Arango, Juan C.; Claridge, Shelley A. (May 2022, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces)
3. Patterning of morphogenetic anisotropy fields

   https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2220167120  

   Wang, Zihang; Marchetti, M. Cristina; Brauns, Fridtjof (March 2023, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)

   Orientational order, encoded in anisotropic fields, plays an important role during the development of an organism. A striking example of this is the freshwater polypHydra, where topological defects in the muscle fiber orientation have been shown to localize to key features of the body plan. This body plan is organized by morphogen concentration gradients, raising the question how muscle fiber orientation, morphogen gradients and body shape interact. Here, we introduce a minimal model that couples nematic orientational order to the gradient of a morphogen field. We show that on a planar surface, alignment to a radial concentration gradient can induce unbinding of topological defects, as observed during budding and tentacle formation inHydra, and stabilize aster/vortex-like defects, as observed at aHydra’s mouth. On curved surfaces mimicking the morphologies ofHydrain various stages of development—from spheroid to adult—our model reproduces the experimentally observed reorganization of orientational order. Our results suggest how gradient alignment and curvature effects may work together to control orientational order during development and lay the foundations for future modeling efforts that will include the tissue mechanics that drive shape deformations. 

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4. Nanomaterial Patterning in 3D Printing

   https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201907142  

   Elder, Brian; Neupane, Rajan; Tokita, Eric; Ghosh, Udayan; Hales, Samuel; Kong, Yong_Lin (March 2020, Advanced Materials)

   Abstract The synergistic integration of nanomaterials with 3D printing technologies can enable the creation of architecture and devices with an unprecedented level of functional integration. In particular, a multiscale 3D printing approach can seamlessly interweave nanomaterials with diverse classes of materials to impart, program, or modulate a wide range of functional properties in an otherwise passive 3D printed object. However, achieving such multiscale integration is challenging as it requires the ability to pattern, organize, or assemble nanomaterials in a 3D printing process. This review highlights the latest advances in the integration of nanomaterials with 3D printing, achieved by leveraging mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, or thermal phenomena. Ultimately, it is envisioned that such approaches can enable the creation of multifunctional constructs and devices that cannot be fabricated with conventional manufacturing approaches. 

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5. Rolling Helical Microrobots for Cell Patterning

   https://doi.org/10.1109/MARSS58567.2023.10294113  

   Yang, Yanda; Kirmizitas, Fatma Ceren; Sokolich, Max; Valencia, Alejandra; Rivas, David; Karakan, M Çağatay; White, Alice E; Malikopoulos, Andreas A; Das, Sambeeta (October 2023, IEEE)