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			<titleStmt><title level='a'>Absolute and relative stability of loss aversion across contexts.</title></titleStmt>
			<publicationStmt>
				<publisher>APA</publisher>
				<date>02/01/2024</date>
			</publicationStmt>
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				<bibl> 
					<idno type="par_id">10632561</idno>
					<idno type="doi">10.1037/xge0001513</idno>
					<title level='j'>Journal of Experimental Psychology: General</title>
<idno>0096-3445</idno>
<biblScope unit="volume">153</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope>					

					<author>Mikhail S Spektor</author><author>David Kellen</author><author>Jörg Rieskamp</author><author>Karl Christoph Klauer</author>
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			<abstract><ab><![CDATA[Individuals’ decisions under risk tend to be in line with the notion that“losses loom larger than gains.” Thisloss aversion in decision making is commonly understood as a stable individual preference that is manifestedacross different contexts. The presumed stability and generality, which underlies the prominence of lossaversion in the literature at large, has been recently questioned by studies reporting how loss aversion candisappear, and even reverse, as a function of the choice context. The present study investigated whetherloss aversion re ects a trait-like attitude of avoiding losses or rather individuals’ adaptability to different con-texts. We report three experiments investigating the within-subject context sensitivity of loss aversion in atwo-alternative forced-choice task. Our results show that the choice context can shift people’s loss aversion,though somewhat inconsistently. Moreover, individual estimates of loss aversion are shown to have a con-siderable degree of stability. Altogether, these results indicate that even though the absolute value of lossaversion can be affected by external factors such as the choice context, estimates of people’s loss aversionstill capture the relative dispositions toward gains and losses across individuals.]]></ab></abstract>
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<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><p>As c o m p elli n g as W al as e k a n d St e w art 's ( 2 0 1 5) ori gi n al r e p ort mi g ht b e, t h er e ar e a n u m b er of iss u es t h at c all f or f urt h er s cr uti n y. First, t h eir st u di es r eli e d o n b et w e e n-s u bj e ct d esi g ns t h at ar e u n a bl e t o s h e d li g ht o n t h e q u esti o n of r el ati v e i n di vi d u al st a bilit y. S e c o n d, t h er e ar e c o n c er ns wit h t h e a c c e pt/r ej e ct t as k t h at t h e y a d o pt e d. I n e a c h c h oi c e tri al, p arti ci p a nts w er e s h o w n a si n gl e mi x e d l ott er y wit h t w o e q ui pr o b a bl e o ut c o m es, o n e of w hi c h w as a g ai n a n d t h e ot h er a l oss. P arti ci p a nts w er e t h e n as k e d t o st at e w h et h er t h e y w o ul d li k e t o pl a y t h e l ott er y or i nst e a d r ej e ct pl a yi n g it i n f a v or of t h e st at us q u o. It t ur ns o ut t h at it is q uit e diffi c ult t o o bt ai n r eli a bl e esti m at es of l oss a v ersi o n b as e d o n t h e a c c e pt/r ej e ct j u d g m e nts (s e e W al as e k &amp; St e w art, 2 0 2 1 ).      </p></div>
<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><head>]). I n t ur n, i n di vi d u als st arti n g i n t h e G S C m a nif est e d g ai n-s e e ki n g pr ef er e n c es i n b ot h c o n diti o ns, c h o osi n g t h e ris ki er o pti o n i n 6 8 % a n d 6 6 % of t h e c as es i n t h e G S C a n d t h e L A C, r es p e cti vel y (s e e Fi g ur e 3 A ). T h e s a m e p att er n of r es ults h ol ds w h e n c o nsi d eri n g l ott er y p airs</head></div>
<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><head>E x p e ri m e nt 3 S o f ar, b ot h e x p eri m e nts h a v e pr o vi d e d e vi d e n c e t h at a b et w e e n-s u bj e ct m a ni p ul ati o n of t h e r a n g es of g ai ns a n d l oss es e n c o u nt er e d d uri n g a n e x p eri m e nt aff e ct i n di vi d u als ' pr o p e nsit y t o e n g a g e i n l oss-a v ers e or g ai n-s e e ki n g b e h a vi or. T h e eff e ct of t his e x p eri m e nt al m a ni p ul ati o n w as s o m e w h at l ar g er i n t h e fi r st e x p eri m e nt, w h er e as t h e t e m p or al s e p ar ati o n of t h e t w o c o n diti o ns w as a bl e t o i n d u c e a c h a n g e i n l os s a v er si o n i n o n e of t h e t w o st arti n g c o n diti o ns. E x p eri m e nt 3 att e m pt s t o c o m bi n e t h e d esir a bl e c h ar a ct eristi cs of t h e pr e vi o us d esi g ns t o ass ess t h e r o b ust n es s of</head><p>), P (R 2, 1 ) &#8805; P (R 1, 2 ), P (R 2, 2 ) &#8805; P (R 1, 3 ), P (R 4, 1 ) &#8805; P (R 3, 2 ) &#8805; P (R 2, 3 ) &#8805; P (R 1, 4 ), P (R 5, 1 ) &#8805; P (R 4, 2 ) &#8805; P (R 3, 3 ) &#8805; P (R 2, 4 ) &#8805; P (R 1, 5 ).</p><p>(       1, 1 + 1 2 v ers us + 1 6 . 6 7 . 5 2 1, 2 + 1 2 v ers us + 2 0 . 7 5 . 4 9 1, 3 + 1 2 v ers us + 2 4 . 6 5 . 4 3 1, 4 + 1 2 v ers us + 2 8 . 7 1 . 4 3 1, 5 + 1 2 v ers us + 3 2 . 6 8 . 4 1 2, 1 + 1 6 v ers us + 2 0 . 6 5 . 5 1 2, 2 + 1 6 v ers us + 2 4 . 6 5 . 4 8 2, 3 + 1 6 v ers us + 2 8 . 7 2 . 3 9 2, 4 + 1 6 v ers us + 3 2 . 7 3 . 4 5 3, 1 + 2 0 v ers us + 2 4 . 6 5 . 4 5 3, 2 + 2 0 v ers us + 2 8 . 7 1 . 4 3 3, 3 + 2 0 v ers us + 3 2 . 7 0 . 4 2 4, 1 + 2 4 v ers us + 2 8 . 6 1 . 4 4 4, 2 + 2 4 v ers us + 3 2 . 6 6 . 4 6 5, 1 + 2 8 v ers us + 3 2 . 6 6 . </p></div>
<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><head>O n t h e o n e h a n d, w e w er e a bl e t o esti m at e &#955; w hil e all o wi n g t h e v al u e f u n cti o n t o b e c ur vili n e ar (s e e T a bl e A 4 ). O n t h e ot h er h a n d, o ur r eli a n c e o n p air e d c o m p aris o ns r e n d er e d t h e a c c o u nti n g of p ast c h oi c es as t h e d e cisi o n-m a ki n g pr o c ess i m p ossi bl e. A u xili ar y ass u m pti o ns asi d e, t h er e is t h e m or e g e n er al q u esti o n of w h et h er pr os p e ct t h e or y pr o vi d es a v ali d a c c o u nt of h u m a n c h oi c es, a n d t h er ef or e of t h e diff er e n c es o bs er v e d a cr oss c o n diti o ns. F ort u n at el y, t h e st at us of o ur m ai n r es ults d o es n ot d e p e n d o n t h e v ali dit y of pr os p e ct t h e or y; T h e y will h ol d e v e n if t h e r es ults ar e t o b e e x pl ai n e d i n t er ms of a c h a n g e i n att e nti o n e x c</head></div>
<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><head>F or e x a m pl e, a c c or di n g t o t h e ris k-as-v ari a n c e p ers p e cti v e of e x p e ct e d-utilit y t h e or y, p e o pl e 's c h oi c es i n m e a n-pr es er vi n g p airs r efl e ct t h eir g e n er al ris k attit u d es r at h er t h a n t h eir l oss a v ersi o n. T h e i m p ort a nt p oi nt is t h at, r e g ar dl ess of t h e e x a ct pr o c ess es l e a di n g t o a d e cisi o n, t h e y ar e s h o w n t o b e s e nsiti v e t o t h e c o nt e xt i n w hi c h</head></div>
<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><head>?). T h es e c o m p aris o ns all o w t h e d e cisi o n m a k er t o est a blis h h o w t h es e attri b ut es r a n k, r a n ks t h at are t h e n us e d t o f or m pref ere n c es. A c c or di n g t o t h es e t w o t h e or eti c al a c c o u nts, p arti ci p a nts s h o ul d b e l oss a v ers e a n d g ai n s e e ki n g i n t h e L</head></div>
<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><head>, it aff e cts all i n di vi d u als t o t h e s a m e e xt e nt). As a n alt er n ati ve p ers p e cti v e, c h oi c es c o ul d b e u n d erst o o d as b ei n g g o v er n e d b y t w o i n d e p e n d e nt pr o c ess es, o n e of w hi c h is t h e o v erall t e n d e n c y t o tr a d e off g ai ns a n d l oss es, t h e ot h er b ei n g a sit u ati o n-s p e cifi c eff e ct of c o nt e xt t h at, i n li g ht of t h e hi g h st a bilit y a cr oss c o nt e xts, is of s m all er m a g nit u d e t h a n t h e g e n eral</head></div><note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" place="foot" n="1" xml:id="foot_0"><p>T h e g e n er al i d e a t h at p e o pl e 's e v al u ati o ns mi g ht d e p e n d o n distri b uti o n al pr o p erti es of sti m uli w as i ntr o d u c e d i n t h e s e mi n al w or k b y P ar d u c ci ( 1 9 6 5) .</p></note>
			<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" place="foot" n="2" xml:id="foot_1"><p>A n dr &#233; a n d d e L a n g h e 's (2 0 2 1 b) criti q u e als o dis c uss e d w h et h er d e cisi o n b y s a m pli n g ( St e w art et al., 2 0 0 6 ) is a n a d e q u at e t h e or y t o e x pl ai n t h e r es ults, a n iss u e t h at is of littl e i m p ort f or t h e pr es e nt st u d y.</p></note>
			<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" place="foot" xml:id="foot_2"><p>T his d o c u m e nt is c o p yri g ht e d b y t h e A m eri c a n Ps y c h ol o gi c al Ass o ci ati o n or o n e of its alli e d p u blis h ers. T his arti cl e is i nt e n d e d s ol el y f or t h e p ers o n al us e of t h e i n di vi d u al us er a n d is n ot t o b e diss e mi n at e d br o a dl y.</p></note>
			<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" place="foot" n="3" xml:id="foot_3"><p>D u e t o t e c h ni c al pr o bl e ms, t h e d e m o gr a p hi c d at a fr o m t w o p arti ci p a nts w er e l ost. T h e d e m o gr a p hi c q u esti o n n air e w as d eli v er e d i n G er m a n f or w hi c h t h e w or d " G es c hl e c ht " m e a ns b ot h " s e x" a n d " g e n d er. " P arti ci p a nts w er e as k e d t o c h o os e b et w e e n " w ei bli c h " (f e m al e), " m &#228; n nli c h " ( m al e), a n d " k ei n e A n g a b e " ( pr ef er n ot t o dis cl os e).</p></note>
			<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" place="foot" n="4" xml:id="foot_4"><p>A n i ns p e cti o n of t h e m o d el 's p ost eri or-pr e di cti v e distri b uti o n i n di c at es t h at it s u c c e e d e d i n pr o vi di n g a g o o d a c c o u nt of i n di vi d u als' c h oi c es. T his s u c c ess e xt e n ds t o all t hr e e e x p eri m e nts r e p ort e d h er e.</p></note>
			<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" place="foot" n="5" xml:id="foot_5"><p>T h e d e m o gr a p hi cs fr o m 1 0 p e o pl e w er e l ost d u e t o t e c h ni c al pr o bl e ms. All d e m o gr a p hi cs w er e o bt ai n e d dir e ctl y fr o m Pr oli fi c.</p></note>
			<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" place="foot" n="6" xml:id="foot_6"><p>M u c h li k e i n t h e pr e vi o us e x p eri m e nt, t h e eff e ct of e x p eri m e nt al c o n diti o n ( a cr oss b ot h l e v els of st arti n g c o n diti o n) w as si g nifi c a nt a n d n u m eri c all y s m all er t h a n t h at of st arti n g c o n diti o n ( a cr oss b ot h l e v els of e x p eri m e nt al c o nditi o n): i n di vi d u als i n t h e L A C w er e l ess li k el y t o c h o os e t h e ris ki er o pti o n (M = .5 5 3, S D = .3 6 8) t h a n i n t h e G S C ( M = .6 2 2, S D = .3 5 4), t( 1 8 4) = 2. 6 5 5, p = . 0 0 9, d z = 0. 1 9 5 [ 0. 0 4 9, 0. 3 4 0].</p></note>
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