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1. Human–plant relations shed light on forms of reciprocity in Indigenous territorial stewardship. This article shows how Cofán, Siona and Siekopai (also Secoya or Airo Pai in Peru) Indigenous Peoples in the western Amazon collect, cultivate and use yoco (Paullinia yoco) to promote communal conviviality, reclaim once-threatened cultural practices and advance new forms of collective stewardship to promote social-ecological well-being. Yoco is a caffeine-rich liana closely intertwined with the daily life and spiritual practices of many Indigenous Amazonian Peoples, particularly within the tri-border region of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. 2. We centre Indigenous storytelling as pedagogy and methodology, something common in the Amazon and relevant to yoco, as it is consumed socially and often while stories are shared. 3. Through collaborative transdisciplinary research, we assess the forms of relationality and reciprocity yoco fosters in three ways. First, we discuss histories, uses and cultivation of yoco. Second, we consider the divergent pathways that communities have had with yoco, from loss to recuperation of human–plant relations across time. Third, we show examples of how differentiated use of yoco in Cofán, Siekopai and Siona communities supports cultural revitalization, territorial defense and stewardship initiatives evidenced by renewed efforts to enhance intergenerational transmission of local knowledge. 4. Cofán, Siona and Siekopai stewardship of yoco is not merely ecological management of a plant but represents a dynamic interaction between cultural identity, spiritual practice and political resistance. As Siona, Siekopai and Cofán communities confront external pressures such as deforestation, extractive industries and socio-political marginalization, relationships with yoco facilitate pathways to sustain cultural and ecological relations in the face of profound change. 5. Reclaiming and maintaining human–plant relations is a form of self-determination that can inform effective and ethical biocultural conservation. Through yoco, the Cofán, Siekopai and Siona peoples demonstrate that biocultural conservation helps maintain social-ecological well-being while underscoring the importance of territory. The future of conservation must embrace Indigenous stewardship, where reciprocity and care for both human and non-human worlds are central.
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This content will become publicly available on June 23, 2026
Biocultural Geographies: Stewardship, Indigenous Territories, and Conservation in Ecuador’s Amazon
This article advances geographic scholarship about conservation and protected areas (PAs) through a focuson biocultural geographies. Biocultural geographies derive from relationships between heterogenousIndigenous stewardship practices, biological diversity, and trans-scalar multidimensional social, political, andecological processes. The concept brings together insights from political ecology and biocultural conservationto address the interplay between environmental governance, cultural change, and biodiversity. We drawfrom collaborative, transdisciplinary research with Siona, Siekopai, and Cofan Indigenous communities inthe northern Ecuadorian Amazon, a site of global importance for its biodiversity and cultural heritage. Thisis also a region of rapid and extensive social-ecological change driven by expanding agricultural frontiers,intensifying extractive industries, and new infrastructure development for regional integration. It is from thiscontext that we call for a timely and critical conversation between human–environment geographers and thefield of biocultural conservation, two approaches that have reshaped thinking about PAs and the role ofIndigenous stewardship in an era of accelerating global challenges to social-ecological well-being. Data forour analysis derive from a multiyear study that investigates strategies used to ensure social-ecological well-being in the face of change. Our findings show that Siona, Siekopai, and Cofan stewardship sustains thebiological diversity that characterizes many Amazonian PAs through locally adapted institutions based onknowledge, innovation, and practices they collectively hold. Such stewardship advances self-determinationthat challenges conventional conservation and PA models by centering Indigenous territorial governance.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2108308
- PAR ID:
- 10643220
- Publisher / Repository:
- Taylor & Francis
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Annals of the American Association of Geographers
- ISSN:
- 2469-4452
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1 to 19
- Subject(s) / Keyword(s):
- Amazonia, biocultural conservation, Indigenous territories, protected areas, social-ecological systems.
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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