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1. Design, Construction, and Testing of the APOLLO ATCA Blades for Use at the HL-LHC

   Akpinar, Alp; Blaizot, Aymeric; Cholak, Serhii; de_Castro, Gianfranco; Demiragli, Zeynep; Duquette, Alec; Fulcher, Jonathan; Gastler, Dan; Hahn, Kristian; Hazen, Eric; et al (March 2025, arXiv)

   The Apollo Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture (ATCA) platform is an open-source design consisting of a generic "Service Module" (SM) and a customizable "Command Module" (CM), allowing for cost-effective use in applications such as the readout of the inner tracker and the Level-1 track trigger for the CMS Phase-II upgrade at the HL-LHC. The SM integrates an intelligent IPMC, robust power entry and conditioning systems, a powerful system-on-module computer, and flexible clock and communication infrastructure. The CM is designed around two Xilinx Ultrascale+ FPGAs and high-density, high-bandwidth optical transceivers capable of 25 Gb/s. Crates of Apollo blades are currently being tested at Boston University, Cornell University, and CERN. 

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2. The Apollo ATCA design for the CMS track finder and the pixel readout at the HL-LHC

   https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/04/C04033  

   Albert, A; Demiragli, Z; Gastler, D; Hahn, K; Hazen, E; Kotamnives, P; Noorudhin, S; Peck, A; Rohlf, J; Strohman, C; et al (April 2022, Journal of Instrumentation)

   Abstract The challenging conditions of the High-Luminosity LHC require tailored hardware designs for the trigger and data acquisition systems. The Apollo platform features a “Service Module” with a powerful system-on-module computer that provides standard ATCA communications and application-specific “Command Modules” with large FPGAs and high speed optical fiber links. The CMS version of Apollo will be used for the track finder and the pixel readout. It features up to two large FPGAs and more than 100 optical links with speeds up to 25 Gb/s. We study carefully the design and performance of the board by using customized firmware to test power consumption, heat dissipation, and optical link integrity. This paper presents the results of these performance tests, design updates, and future plans. 

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3. A lunar core dynamo limited to the Moon’s first ~140 million years

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01551-z  

   Zhou, Tinghong; Tarduno, John A; Cottrell, Rory D; Neal, Clive R; Nimmo, Francis; Blackman, Eric G; Ibañez-Mejia, Mauricio (December 2024, Communications Earth & Environment)

   Abstract Single crystal paleointensity (SCP) reveals that the Moon lacked a long-lived core dynamo, though mysteries remain. An episodic dynamo, seemingly recorded by some Apollo basalts, is temporally and energetically problematic. We evaluate this enigma through study of ~3.7 billion-year-old (Ga) Apollo basalts 70035 and 75035. Whole rock analyses show unrealistically high nominal magnetizations, whereas SCP indicate null fields, illustrating that the former do not record an episodic dynamo. However, deep crustal magnetic anomalies might record an early lunar dynamo. SCP studies of 3.97 Ga Apollo breccia 61016 and 4.36 Ga ferroan anorthosite 60025 also yield null values, constraining any core dynamo to the Moon’s first 140 million years. These findings suggest that traces of Earth’s Hadean atmosphere, transferred to the Moon lacking a magnetosphere, could be trapped in the buried lunar regolith, presenting an exceptional target for future exploration. 

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4. Deep learning inference of miRNA expression from bulk and single-cell mRNA expression

   https://doi.org/10.1142/S021972002550009X  

   Ripan, Rony Chowdhury; Athaya, Tasbiraha; Li, Xiaoman; Hu, Haiyan (June 2025, Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology)

   Studying miRNA activity at the single-cell level presents a significant challenge due to the limitations of existing single-cell technologies in capturing miRNAs. To address this, we introduce two deep learning models: Cross-modality (CM) and single-modality (SM), both based on encoder-decoder architectures. These models predict miRNA expression at both bulk and single-cell levels using mRNA data. We evaluated the performance of CM and SM against the state-of-the-art miRSCAPE approach, using both bulk and single-cell datasets. Our results demonstrate that both CM and SM outperform miRSCAPE in accuracy. Furthermore, incorporating miRNA target information substantially enhanced performance compared to models that utilized all genes. These models provide powerful tools for predicting miRNA expression from single-cell mRNA data. 

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5. Evaluation of planar silicon pixel sensors with the RD53A readout chip for the Phase-2 Upgrade of the CMS Inner Tracker

   https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/P11015  

   Adam, W.; Bergauer, T.; Damanakis, K.; Dragicevic, M.; Frühwirth, R.; Steininger, H.; Beaumont, W.; Darwish, M.R.; Janssen, T.; Rejeb Sfar, H.; et al (November 2023, Journal of Instrumentation)

   Abstract The Large Hadron Collider at CERN will undergo an upgrade in order to increase its luminosity to 7.5 × 10³⁴cm^-2s^-1. The increased luminosity during this High-Luminosity running phase, starting around 2029, means a higher rate of proton-proton interactions, hence a larger ionizing dose and particle fluence for the detectors. The current tracking system of the CMS experiment will be fully replaced in order to cope with the new operating conditions. Prototype planar pixel sensors for the CMS Inner Tracker with square 50 μm × 50 μm and rectangular 100 μm × 25 μm pixels read out by the RD53A chip were characterized in the lab and at the DESY-II testbeam facility in order to identify designs that meet the requirements of CMS during the High-Luminosity running phase. A spatial resolution of approximately 3.4 μm (2 μm) is obtained using the modules with 50 μm × 50 μm (100 μm × 25 μm) pixels at the optimal angle of incidence before irradiation. After irradiation to a 1 MeV neutron equivalent fluence of Φ_eq = 5.3 × 10¹⁵ cm^-2, a resolution of 9.4 μm is achieved at a bias voltage of 800 V using a module with 50 μm × 50 μm pixel size. All modules retain a hit efficiency in excess of 99% after irradiation to fluences up to 2.1 × 10¹⁶ cm^-2. Further studies of the electrical properties of the modules, especially crosstalk, are also presented in this paper. 

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