Deep Search for Joint Sources of Gravitational Waves and High-energy Neutrinos with IceCube during the Third Observing Run of LIGO and Virgo IOP 05/13/2026 10684318 10.3847/1538-4357/ae4e1b The Astrophysical Journal 0004-637X 1003 1 R AbbasiM AckermannJ AdamsS K AgarwallaJ A AguilarM AhlersJ M AlameddineS AliN M AminK AndeenC ArgüellesY AshidaS AthanasiadouS N AxaniR BabuX BaiJ Baines-HolmesA Balagopal_VS W BarwickS BashV BasuR BayJ J BeattyJ Becker_TjusP BehrensJ BeiseC BellenghiS BenkelS BenZviD BerleyE BernardiniD Z BessonE BlaufussL BloomS BlotI BodoF BontempoJ Y Book_MotzkinC Boscolo_MeneguoloS BöserO BotnerJ BöttcherJ BraunB BrinsonZ Brisson-TsavoussisR T BurleyD ButterfieldM A CampanaK CarloniJ CarpioS ChattopadhyayN ChauZ ChenD ChirkinS ChoiB A ClarkA ColemanP ColemanG H CollinD A Coloma_BorjaA ConnollyJ M ConradST CountrymanD F CowenC De_ClercqJ J DeLaunayD DelgadoT DelmeulleS DengP DesiatiK D de_VriesG de_WasseigeT DeYoungJ C Díaz-VélezS DiKerbyT DingM DittmerA DomiL DraperL 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Villa-OrtegaE T VincentJ-Y VinetS ViretA VirtuosoS VitaleA VivesH VoccaD VoigtE_R G von_ReisJ_S A von_WrangelS P VyatchaninL E WadeM WadeK J WagnerA WajidM WalkerG S WallaceL WallaceH WangJ Z WangW H WangZ WangG WaratkarJ WarnerM WasT WashimiN Y WashingtonD WataraiK E WaytB R WeaverB WeaverC R WeavingS A WebsterM WeinertA J WeinsteinR WeissF WellmannL WenP WesselsK WetteJ T WhelanB F WhitingC WhittleJ B WildbergerO S WilkD WilkenA T WilkinD J WilladsenK WillettsD WilliamsM J WilliamsN S WilliamsJ L WillisB WillkeM WilsJ WinterfloodC C WipfG WoanJ WoehlerJ K WoffordN E WolfeH T WongH_W Y WongI_C F WongJ L WrightM WrightC WuD S WuH WuE WuchnerD M WysockiV A XuY XuN YadavH YamamotoK YamamotoT S YamamotoT YamamotoS YamamuraR YamazakiS YanT YanF W YangK Z YangY YangZ YarbroughH YasuiS-W YehA B YelikarX YinJ YokoyamaT YokozawaJ YooH YuS YuanH YuzuriharaA ZadrożnyM ZanolinM ZeeshanT ZelenovaJ-P ZendriM ZeoliM ZerradM ZevinL ZhangR ZhangT ZhangY ZhangC ZhaoYue ZhaoYuhang ZhaoY ZhengH ZhongR ZhouX-J ZhuZ-H ZhuA B ZimmermanM E ZuckerJ ZweizigThe_IceCube_CollaborationThe_LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration,_The_Virgo_Collaboration,_and_The_KAGRA_Collaboration Abstract

The discovery of joint sources of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves has been a primary target for the LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA, and IceCube observatories. The joint detection of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves would provide insight into cosmic processes, from the dynamics of compact object mergers and stellar collapses to the mechanisms driving relativistic outflows. The joint detection of multiple cosmic messengers can also elevate the significance of the common observation even when some or all of the constituent messengers are subthreshold, i.e., not significant enough to declare their detection individually. Using data from the LIGO, Virgo, and IceCube observatories, including subthreshold events, we searched for common sources of gravitational waves and high-energy neutrinos during the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Our search did not identify significant joint sources. We derive constraints on the rate densities of joint sources. Our results constrain the isotropic neutrino emission from gravitational-wave sources for very high values of the total energy emitted in neutrinos (>1052–1054erg).

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