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ABSTRACT We use the angular two-point correlation function (TPCF) to investigate the hierarchical distribution of young star clusters in 12 local (3–18 Mpc) star-forming galaxies using star cluster catalogs obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) as part of the Treasury Program Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey. The sample spans a range of different morphological types, allowing us to infer how the physical properties of the galaxy affect the spatial distribution of the clusters. We also prepare a range of physically motivated toy models to compare with and interpret the observed features in the TPCFs. We find that, conforming to earlier studies, young clusters ($$T \lesssim 10\, \mathrm{Myr}$$) have power-law TPCFs that are characteristic of fractal distributions with a fractal dimension D2, and this scale-free nature extends out to a maximum scale lcorr beyond which the distribution becomes Poissonian. However, lcorr, and D2 vary significantly across the sample, and are correlated with a number of host galaxy physical properties, suggesting that there are physical differences in the underlying star cluster distributions. We also find that hierarchical structuring weakens with age, evidenced by flatter TPCFs for older clusters ($$T \gtrsim 10\, \mathrm{Myr}$$), that eventually converges to the residual correlation expected from a completely random large-scale radial distribution of clusters in the galaxy in $$\sim 100 \, \mathrm{Myr}$$. Our study demonstrates that the hierarchical distribution of star clusters evolves with age, and is strongly dependent on the properties of the host galaxy environment.
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This content will become publicly available on March 3, 2027
FEAST: Probing Hierarchical Star Formation with the Spatial Distributions of Young Star Clusters
Abstract We apply the angular two-point correlation function (TPCF) to the spatial distributions of young star clusters (YSCs) in four nearby star forming galaxies (NGC 628, NGC 4449, M51, and M83) in order to investigate their underlying hierarchical structuring. Using newly constructed catalogs of YSCs in the emerging phase (eYSCs), identified in the infrared with JWST, and optical YSCs detected in archival Hubble Space Telescope data, we compute the TPCFs for various cluster samples and age bins across the four galaxies, as part of the Feedback in Emerging extrAgalactic Star ClusTers (FEAST) program. We find clear evidence of hierarchical structuring, especially in eYSCs and YSCs with ages <10 Myr (referred to as oYSCs), which show similar TPCFs within each galaxy. NGC 628 exhibits a clear distinction between the TPCFs of eYSCs and oYSCs, implying a shorter randomization timescale. In contrast, clusters aged 10–300 Myr exhibit progressively more random spatial distributions, becoming effectively random after ∼100 Myr, consistent with earlier studies. The two-dimensional fractal indexD2values of the YSCs’ underlying distributions are calculated from model fits to the TPCFs. Our values ofD2derived from the youngest YSC populations align better with the expected value ofD2 ∼ 1.3 for a universal star formation process compared to previous findings.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2406687
- PAR ID:
- 10688023
- Author(s) / Creator(s):
- ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
- Publisher / Repository:
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Volume:
- 999
- Issue:
- 2
- ISSN:
- 0004-637X
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 189
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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