%APaczolt, K. [Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park College Park MD USA]%APaczolt, K. [Department of Biology; University of Maryland College Park; College Park MD USA]%AReinhardt, J. [Department of Biology SUNY Geneseo Geneseo NY USA]%AReinhardt, J. [Department of Biology; SUNY Geneseo; Geneseo NY USA]%AWilkinson, G. [Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park College Park MD USA]%AWilkinson, G. [Department of Biology; University of Maryland College Park; College Park MD USA]%BJournal Name: Journal of Evolutionary Biology; Journal Volume: 30; Journal Issue: 9; Related Information: CHORUS Timestamp: 2024-01-23 15:24:39 %D2017%IOxford University Press %JJournal Name: Journal of Evolutionary Biology; Journal Volume: 30; Journal Issue: 9; Related Information: CHORUS Timestamp: 2024-01-23 15:24:39 %K %MOSTI ID: 10035603 %PMedium: X; Size: p. 1772-1784 %TContrasting patterns of X‐chromosome divergence underlie multiple sex‐ratio polymorphisms in stalk‐eyed flies %XAbstract

Sex‐linked segregation distorters cause offspring sex ratios to differ from equality. Theory predicts that such selfish alleles may either go to fixation and cause extinction, reach a stable polymorphism or initiate an evolutionary arms race with genetic modifiers. The extent to which a sex ratio distorter follows any of these trajectories in nature is poorly known. Here, we used X‐linked sequence and simple tandem repeat data for three sympatric species of stalk‐eyed flies (Teleopsis whiteiand two cryptic species ofT. dalmanni) to infer the evolution of distorting X chromosomes. By screening large numbers of field and recently laboratory‐bred flies, we found no evidence of males with strongly female‐biased sex ratio phenotypes (SR) in one species but high frequencies ofSRmales in the other two species. In the two species withSRmales, we find contrasting patterns of X‐chromosome evolution.T. dalmanni‐1shows chromosome‐wide differences betweensex‐ratio(XSR) and standard (XST) X chromosomes consistent with a relatively oldsex‐ratiohaplotype based on evidence including genetic divergence, an inversion polymorphism and reduced recombination among XSRchromosomes relative to XSTchromosomes. In contrast, we found no evidence of genetic divergence on the X between males with female‐biased and nonbiased sex ratios inT. whitei. Taken with previous studies that found evidence of genetic suppression of sex ratio distortion in this clade, our results illustrate that sex ratio modification in these flies is undergoing recurrent evolution with diverse genomic consequences.

%0Journal Article