%AChen, Yu‐Yun [Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies National Dong Hwa University Hualien Taiwan]%AChen, Yu-Yun [Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies; National Dong Hwa University; Hualien Taiwan]%ASatake, Akiko [Department of Biology Faculty of Science Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan]%ASatake, Akiko [Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan]%ASun, I‐Fang [Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies National Dong Hwa University Hualien Taiwan]%ASun, I-Fang [Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies; National Dong Hwa University; Hualien Taiwan]%AKosugi, Yoshiko [Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto Japan]%AKosugi, Yoshiko [Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan]%ATani, Makoto [Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto Japan]%ATani, Makoto [Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan]%ANumata, Shinya [Department of Tourism Science; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Tokyo Japan]%ANumata, Shinya [Department of Tourism Science Tokyo Metropolitan University Tokyo Japan]%AHubbell, Stephen [Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Los Angeles CA USA]%AHubbell, Stephen [Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA]%AFletcher, Christine [Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kepong Selangor Malaysia]%AFletcher, Christine [Forest Research Institute Malaysia; Kepong Selangor Malaysia]%ANur Supardi, Md. [Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kepong Selangor Malaysia]%ANur Supardi, Md. [Forest Research Institute Malaysia; Kepong Selangor Malaysia]%AWright, S. [Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado Balboa Republic of Panama]%AWright, S. [Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado Balboa Republic of Panama]%ARafferty, ed., Nicole%ARafferty, ed., Nicole%BJournal Name: Journal of Ecology; Journal Volume: 106; Journal Issue: 2; Related Information: CHORUS Timestamp: 2023-09-16 17:21:19 %D2017%IWiley-Blackwell %JJournal Name: Journal of Ecology; Journal Volume: 106; Journal Issue: 2; Related Information: CHORUS Timestamp: 2023-09-16 17:21:19 %K %MOSTI ID: 10037707 %PMedium: X %TSpecies‐specific flowering cues among general flowering Shorea species at the Pasoh Research Forest, Malaysia %XAbstract

In a unique phenomenon restricted to the ever wet forests of Southeast Asia, hundreds of species from dozens of plant families reproduce synchronously at irregular, multi‐year intervals. The proximate environmental cues that synchronize these general flowering events have not been evaluated systematically because there have been no long‐term, high temporal resolution, species‐level records from the region.

We present 13 years of weekly flowering records for fiveShoreaspecies as well as daily temperature and rainfall records from the Pasoh Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. We constructed models to evaluate hypothesized relationships between flowering and cool temperature, drought, and additive and synergistic effects of cool temperature and drought for each species. Model parameters include periods of time for floral cue accumulation and flower development and temperature and/or rainfall thresholds required for floral initiation. Parameters estimated using flowering observations from 2001 to 2011 were used to forecast flowering for 2011–2014.

We show that drought and cool temperatures acting synergistically best explain the timing of flowering events for allShoreaspecies in the sectionMuticaand forecast the largest general flowering event accurately. Periods estimated for signal accumulation ranged from 54 to 90 days among species. Periods estimated for flowers to develop ranged between 43 and 96 days and closely followed the interspecific sequence of flowering in theShoreaspecies. Drought and temperature thresholds also varied among species, withShorea maxwellianarequiring the most severe drought andShorea leprosulathe lowest temperatures.

Synthesis. Our results indicate that cool temperatures and low rainfall occurring on seasonal time‐scales of about 2–3 months rather than brief cold snaps or brief droughts best explain general flowering inShoreaspecies at the Pasoh Forest Reserve. Low rainfall is equally likely in winter (December–February) and summer (July–August) and cool temperatures are most likely in winter at Pasoh, which explains why general flowering events are restricted to spring and fall, with more frequent and stronger flowering in spring. In addition, species‐specific sensitivity to environmental cues suggests that future climate change will have differential impacts on the frequency of reproduction, with potential consequences for regeneration of these dominant species of lowland tropical forests.

%0Journal Article