%APastore, Melissa%AHobbie, Sarah%AReich, Peter%BJournal Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; Journal Volume: 118; Journal Issue: 17; Related Information: CHORUS Timestamp: 2021-04-19 17:01:50 %D2021%IProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; None %JJournal Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; Journal Volume: 118; Journal Issue: 17; Related Information: CHORUS Timestamp: 2021-04-19 17:01:50 %K %MOSTI ID: 10222499 %PMedium: X %TSensitivity of grassland carbon pools to plant diversity, elevated CO 2 , and soil nitrogen addition over 19 years %X

Whether the terrestrial biosphere will continue to act as a net carbon (C) sink in the face of multiple global changes is questionable. A key uncertainty is whether increases in plant C fixation under elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) will translate into decades-long C storage and whether this depends on other concurrently changing factors. We investigated how manipulations of CO2, soil nitrogen (N) supply, and plant species richness influenced total ecosystem (plant + soil to 60 cm) C storage over 19 y in a free-air CO2enrichment grassland experiment (BioCON) in Minnesota. On average, after 19 y of treatments, increasing species richness from 1 to 4, 9, or 16 enhanced total ecosystem C storage by 22 to 32%, whereas N addition of 4 g N m−2⋅ y−1and elevated CO2of +180 ppm had only modest effects (increasing C stores by less than 5%). While all treatments increased net primary productivity, only increasing species richness enhanced net primary productivity sufficiently to more than offset enhanced C losses and substantially increase ecosystem C pools. Effects of the three global change treatments were generally additive, and we did not observe any interactions between CO2and N. Overall, our results call into question whether elevated CO2will increase the soil C sink in grassland ecosystems, helping to slow climate change, and suggest that losses of biodiversity may influence C storage as much as or more than increasing CO2or high rates of N deposition in perennial grassland systems.

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