Journal ArticleWHISTLE: CPU Abstractions for Hardware and Software Memory Safety InvariantsKim, Sungkeun; Mahmud, Farabi; Huang, Jiayi; Majumder, Pritam; Tsai, Chia-Che; Muzahid, Abdullah; Kim, Eun JungMemory safety invariants extracted from a program can help defend and detect against both software and hardware memory violations. For instance, by allowing only specific instructions to access certain memory locations, system can detect out-of-bound or illegal pointer dereferences that lead to correctness and security issues. In this paper, we propose CPU abstractions, called, to specify and check program invariants to provide defense mechanism against both software and hardware memory violations at runtime. ensures that the invariants must be satisfied at every memory accesses. We present a fast invariant address translation and retrieval scheme using a specialized cache. It stores and checks invariants related to global, stack and heap objects. The invariant checks can be performed synchronously or asynchronously. uses synchronous checking for high security-critical programs, while others are protected by asynchronous checking. A fast exception is proposed to alert any violations as soon as possible in order to close the gap for transient attacks. Our evaluation shows that can detect both software and hardware, spatial and temporal memory violations. incurs 53% overhead when checking synchronously, or 15% overhead when checking asynchronously.2022-06-0810374124IEEE Transactions on Computers1 to 130018-9340https://doi.org/10.1109/TC.2022.31809902135995; 1931078National Science Foundation